. ,•*   ■■',  -   '.'.''if' 


■B5UHf7-,Tr^',SC 


COMBINED  COURSES  IN 
ACADEMIC  AND  PROFESSIONAL 

WO] 


aRPORT  FROM  A  COMMITTBB 
OP  INDIANA  UNIVERSITY 
APPOINTED  UNDER  INSTRUCTION 
FROM  THE  ASSOCIATION  OF 

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COMBINED  COURSES  IN  ACADEMIC  AND 
PROFESSIONAL  WORK 


The  origin  of  tliis  report  is  stated  in  the  letter  below,  which  was  sent  by  Prewident 
William  L.  Bryan,  of  Indiana  University,  under  date  of  March  21,  1910,  to  the  Presidents 
of  the  Universities  belonging  to  the  Association  of  American  Universities.  The  state- 
ments submitted  for  verification  with  the  letters  referred  only  to  combined  courseK  in  I>aw 
and  Medicine,  as  these  were  the  subjects  iniinediately  under  discussion;  other  combina- 
tions of  professional  and  academic  work  were  regarded  us  outside  the  scope  of  the  present 
inquiry. 

The  letter  of  inquiry  was  as  follows: 

"At  the  Madison  meeting  of  the  Association  of  American  Universi- 
ties, Indiana  University  was  directed  to  prepare  a  report  for  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Association  upon  those  combined  courses  in  which  pro- 
fessional work  is  allowed  to  count  toward  the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S. 
As  a  first  step  in  its  work,  our  Committee  wislies  to  determine  the  pres- 
ent practice  of  the  Universities  belonging  to  the  Association.  We 
shall  be  obliged,  if  you  will  request  one  of  your  <^cers  to  examine  the 
enclosed  .statement,  quoted  or  summarized  from  your  catalogue,  and 
report  to  us  whether  tliis  gives  a  satisfactory  statement  of  your  present 
rules  and  practice.  If  not,  we  should  be  glad  to  have  a  corrected  state- 
ment." 

The  statements  confinued  and  corrected  by  the  replies  to  the  letter  are  pn'nented  in 
Part  I  of  this  report,  and,  in  a  few  cases,  where  the  letters  received  were  explanatory  and 
.ser\ed  to  make  the  facts  of  the  situation  clearer,  the  letters  themselves  are  appended. 

In  addition  to  the  letter,  the  following  questionnaire  was  sent  out: 

I.     The  shortening  of  the  Arts-professional  course. 

(a)  Should  professional  courses  in  I>aw.  Mcdicin  •,  Kngimering  and  the  hke,  be 
allowed  to  count  toward  two  degrees — the  Bachelor's  degree  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts,  and  a  degree  in  one  of  the  f)rofessional  colleger  of 
the  University.'' 

(6)      If  so,  how  nuich  work  should  be  allowed  to  count  in  this  way.'' 

(r)  Assuming  the  adoption  of  this  plan  in  some  form,  would  you  a|>provt  the  us« 
of  B.S.  or  some  other  Bachelor's  degree  inst-cad  of  A.B.? 

(d)      Remarks. 


3SM85 


j2  report  on   combined  courses 

II.      Character  of  viie  v^oilegiate  work  in  the  combined  Arts-professional  course. 

(a)  Should  the  collegiate  (pre-professional)  work  of  those  who  take  a  combined 

Arts-professional  course  be  prescribed  so  as  to  require  specific  prepara- 
tion for  the  professional  work  which  is  to  follow? 

(b)  Or  should  the  collegiate  work  of  such  students  be  prescribed  so  as  to  prevent 

such  preparatory  professional  work  in  college  in  the  interest  of  general 
training  ? 

(c)  Remarks. 

III.      Character  of  the  Professional  work  in  the  combined  Arts-professonal  course. 

(a)  Two  types  of  work  are  offered  in  the  professional  schools,  sometimes  slightly, 
sometimes  widely,  different.  On  the  one  hand  there  is  work  which  is  imme- 
diately applicable  in  professional  practice.  On  the  other  hand  there  is 
work  which  is  primarily  theoretical  and  often  remote  from  immediate  ap- 
plicability. Passing  by  the  superficial  controversj^  as  to  the  respective 
values  of  the  two  and  assuming  the  necessity  of  both  in  due  order,  it  has 
been  suggested  that  only  courses  of  the  second  type  should  be  credited 
towards  the  Arts  degree. 
What  is  your  judgment  upon  the  point .? 
(  6 )      Remarks. 

The  opinions  expressed  in  regard  to  these  questions  are  given  in  Part  II  of  this  report. 


IX    ACADEMIC    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WORK 


PART  I 


STATEMENTS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITIES* 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

•'For  admission  to  the  course  in  Jurisprudence  in  the  Academic  collef;res,  leading  to 
the  bachelor's  de<rrce  (A.B.,  B.L.,  or  B.S.)  at  the  end  of  the  first  y^^'^r,  and  to  the  defifree 
of  Juris  Doctor  at  the  end  of  the  third  year.  Senior  standinf;  in  the  College  of  Letters, 
Social  Sciences,  or  Natural  Sciences  is  required.  The  same  privileges  are  open  to  regular 
students  in  Senior  standing  in  the  College  of  Commerce,  provided  they  have  completed  at 
least  six  units  of  matriculation  or  College  Latin." 

''Students  in  the  Colleges  of  Letters,  Social  Sciences,  or  Natural  Sciences  who  have 
received  the  Junior  Certificate  and  who,  in  addition  to  the  work  for  the  Junior  Certifi- 
cate, have  completed  a  full  year  of  work  in  the  Upper  Division,  may,  at  the  beginning  of 
their  fourth  or  Senior  year  in  the  LTniversity,  register  as  students  in  the  ('ollege  of 
Medicine  and,  upon  completion  of  the  first  year  in  the  College  of  Medicine,  may  receive 
the  degree  of  A.B.,  B.L.,  or  B.S.  Students  who  enter  the  College  of  Medicine  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  foregoing  provision  will  be  expected  normally  to  have  completed  94 
units  of  University  work  in  the  academic  departments,  including  such  work  in  major 
courses  a.s  may  be  acceptable  to  the  Faculty  of  the  College  in  which  the  student  proposes 
to  take  his  academic  degree." — Circular  of  Information,  November,  1909,  pp.  JfG,  81-8^. 
(Corrected  to  date.) 


CATHOLIC  UNIVERSITY  OF  AMERICA 

According  to  Announcements  of  the  Undercrraduate  Department,  1909-1910,  pages 
5-7,  the  following  subjects,  among  others,  may  be  biken  a.s  elcctives  in  courses  leading 
to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts: 

Organic    Chemistry,  180  hours. 

Quantitative   Analysis,  90  hours. 

Special   Chemistry,   180  hours. 

I^aw,  180  hours. 


•Note:      Responses    were   received    from   all    the   ['niversities  to  which  the  letter  was  addressed,  ex- 
cept from  tht"  Catholic  University  of   America. 


4  BEPOET    ON    COMBINED    COUESES 

After  the  list  of  electives  the  following  statement  occurs : 

"In  making  their  selections  of  these  elective  courses  students  will  be  governed  by  the 
ultimate  professional  or  other  purposes  which  they  may  have  in  view,  and  will  act  under  the 
advice  and  general  direction  of  their  instructors  in  order  to  secure  the  most  rapid  progress 
and  greatest  efficiency  in  their  respective  studies.  Aspirants  to  future  professional  degrees 
may  thus,  in  some  cases,  save  a  year  or  more  of  the  time  usually  occupied  in  obtaining  such 
degrees." 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  hours  mentioned  above  represent  actual  recitation  or 
lecture  hours,  and,  if  reduced  to  the  conventional  credit  hours.  180  such  actual  recita- 
tion hours  equal  10  semester  hours,  or  15  term  hours. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 

^'Admission  to  the  Laxv  School.  Admission  to  the  Law  School  as  candidates  for  the 
degree  of  J.D.  is  granted : 

"1.  To  college  graduates  whose  degrees  represent  college  work  equivalent  to  twenty- 
seven  majors  (three  years)  in  the  University. 

"2.  To  students  who  have  completed  in  the  University  or  elsewhere  twenty-seven 
majors  (three  years)  of  college  work.  Credit  will  be  given  for  acceptable  work  done  in 
other  institutions  of  collegiate  rank.  Before  receiving  the  degree  of  J.D.  such  students 
must  obtain  from  the  University  or  from  some  other  approved  institution  an  academic 
degree,  and  are  permitted  to  count  toward  this  one  year  of  law.  The  requirements  for 
academic  degrees  will  be  found  below,  under  'Degrees' :" 

"Academic  Degrees. — The  University  confers  the  degree  of  A.B.,  Ph.B.,  or  S.B. 
upon  law  students  admitted  to  candidacy  for  the  degree  of  J.D.  who  have  completed  nine 
majors  (one  year)  of  work  in  the  Law  School,  and,  in  addition  to  the  admission  requirements 
to  a  Junior  College,  have  satisfied  one  of  the  following  requirements : 

"(a)  Students  who  have  pursued  all  their  college  work  in  the  University  must  com- 
plete the  coui'ses  prescribed  for  the  college  in  which  they  are  registered. 

"(6)  Students  admitted  to  the  University  with  less  than  eighteen  majors  (two  years) 
of  credit  from  other  colleges  must  make  up  the  deficiency  below  eighteen  majors  by  tak- 
ing prescribed  college  work  for  wliich  the}'  have  not  credit;  above  eighteen  majors,  pre- 
legal  courses  may  be  taken  to  satisfy  any  further  deficiencies  in  prescribed  work,  except 
English. 

"(c)  Students  admitted  to  the  University  with  at  least  eighteen  majors  (two  years) 
of  credit  from  other  colleges  are  required  to  complete  only  enough  college  work  to  give 
them  altogether  twenty-seven  majors,  and  may  take  pro-legal  courses  to  satisfy  any  defi- 
ciencies in  prescribed  work,  except  English. 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  5 

**lf  other  than  prc-lo^.il  courses  are  taken  to  complete  twenty -seven  majors  under  (6) 
and  (c)  above,  they  must  consist  of  prescribed  work  to  the  extent  of  existing  deficiencies  in 
this." 

^'"Requirfiuents  for  the  Combined  Course  for  the  Deip-ee/t  of  S.B.  and  M.l). — Students 
seekinijf  a  Baclielor's  defijree  (A.H..  IMi.H.,  or  S.B.)  from  the  University  of  Chicago,  in  con- 
nection with  the  degree  of  M.D.  from  Rush  Medical  College,  must  comply  with  the  estab- 
lished regulations  of  the  University  prescribed  for  the  courses  leading  to  such  degrees.  As 
the  fundamental  branches  of  the  niedicnl  curriculum  are  taught  in  the  University,  the  stu- 
dent may  combine  the  course  for  a  Bachelor's  degree  with  that  for  the  Medical  degree, 
electing  as  science  courses  those  offered  in  the  departments  of  Anatomy,  Physiology,  etc., 
which  are  also  courses  in  the  medical  curriculum.  The  prescribed  work  for  these  degrees  is 
indicated  in  the  following  bible: 

Tot(d  Requirements   for  the  Baccalaureate  Degrees 


(Including  preparatory  and  college  work  in  both  Junior  and  Senior  Colleges.    One  preparatory  unit  is 

counted  as  two  Collcfte  Majors,  except  ttiat  there  arc  certain  subjects  whicli  must  be 

taken  in  college  rather  than  in  a  preparatory  school.) 


A.B. 


Ph  B. 
(Lit.) 


S.B. 


Ph  B. 

(C.&A.) 


Ed.B. 


Philosophy,  Psychology 

History      ....  

Political  Economy,    Political  Sci- 
ence, History,  Sociology 

Greek 

Latin        

I^atin,  French  or  (jerman    

French  or  German  


Kngiish 

In  a  single  department 

Mathematics 

Science 

Mathcinatics  or  Science  .    

Klectives . .  . , 

Professional  Group 

Electives  or  Professional  Group  , 


9 
11 


4 

3  (or  4) 


6 

i 

18 


66 


14  (or  13) 


8 
6 
5 
3 

2 
19 


66 


6 

8 

9 

19 


66 


13 


5 
3 
« 
6 
18 


66 


33 


66 


"While  it  is  thus  possible  for  one  to  secure  a  Bachelor's  degree  and  the  degree  of 
M.l).  in  from  six  to  six  and  one-half  years,  every  student  should  secure  a  more  thorough 
and  comprehensive  collegiate  preparation  if  it  is  possible  for  him  to  do  so." — Annual  Reg- 
ister, 1908-09,  pp.  ir,o-i-,L  ion- 166. 


6  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

The  following  letters  were  returned  with  the  foregoing  extracts : 

The  University  of  Chicago,^ 

April  11,  1910.     j 
Dear  President  Bryan: 

President  Judson  referred  the  material  enclosed  in  your  letter  of  March  21  to  the 
appropriate  Deans  for  attention.  I  am  returning  herewith  your  original  statements, 
together  with  a  letter  from  Mr.  C.  B.  Whit  tier,  Acting  Dean  of  the  Law  School,  and  Dr. 
John  M.  Dodson,  Dean  of  the  Medical  School,  giving  their  reports  on  the  matter. 

Yours  very  tiiily. 

David  A.   Robertson,  Secretary  to  the  President. 

The  University  of  Chicago,"] 

The  Law  School,  > 

April  7,  1910.     J 
Mr.  D.  A.  Robertson,  Secretary  to  the  President: 

Dear  Mr.  Robertson  :  I  am  returning  to  you  the  matter  which  you  sent  me  concern- 
ing President  Bryan's  inquiries.  The  statement  that  he  has  taken  from  the  catalogue  is 
substantially  correct.  It  might  be  summarized  by  saying  that  we  allow  one  year  of  law 
work  to  be  counted  both  for  the  College  Bachelor's  degree  and  for  the  Law  degree.  We 
also  allow  to  a  limited  extent  College  courses  such  as  History  and  Economics,  which  are 
especially  valuable  for  prospective  lawyers,  to  be  substituted  for  courses  which  are  required 
of  most  students. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Whittier,  Acting  Dean. 

The  University  of  Chicago, 1 

The  Medical  Courses,         ? 

Chicago,  April  11,  1910.     J 
My  Dear  Mr.  Robertson: 

I  am  returning  the  inquiry  from  President  Bryan  in  reference  to  the  combined 
course  for  the  Bachelor's  degree  and  the  degree  of  M.D.  The  statement  which  he  quotes 
from  the  circular  of  information,  page  28,  was  very  carefully  drawn  by  Dean  Barnes  two 
years  ago  and  I  think  presents  the  situation  as  clearly  and  definitely  as  could  be  done  in 
tabulated  form.  I  think  attention  might  be  called  to  the  fact  that  great  emphasis  is  laid 
in  correspondence  with  students  on  the  fact  that  the  tv/o  years  of  college  work  which  we 
exact  is  absolutely  the  minimum  and  is  by  no  means  regarded  as  an  ideal  preparation  for 
the  medical  courses.  It  is  designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  those  students  whose  conditions, 
especially  in  the  matter  of  age,  seem  to  make  it  impossible  or  undesirable  for  them  to  spend 


IN     ACADEMIC     AN'D     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  7 

more  than  two  years  in  collef]fiato  preparatory  work.  A  larjje  percentaii^e  of  tlu-  stu- 
dents entering  the  medical  courses  (about  60  per  cent,  in  1908  09)  had  secured  the 
Bachelor's   degree   before   beginning   the   study  of  medicine. 

It  might  also  be  well  to  note  that  for  the  students  entering  frwu  the  usual  high  school 
course  the  scientific  work  which  is  required  in  the  junior  colleges  aggregates  only  seven 
majors  (Chenustry  4,  Physics  2,  Biology  1 )  li^iving  the  balance  of  eleven  majors  of  iunior 
college  work   to  be  taken   in   iion-scientiHc  subjects. 

Yours  very  truly, 

•John  M.  Dodson,  Dean. 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 

"'Options  in  the  Professional  Schools. — The  following  provisions  apply  alike  to  all 
candidates  for  a  degree: 

"1.  When  72  points*  (including  all  prescribed  work)  have  been  made  in  Colum- 
bia College,  a  student  w  ho  wishes  to  enter  upon  his  professional  studies  before  graduation 
from  the  College  may  exercise  one  of  the  following  options: 

"(rt)  He  may  take  the  studies  of  the  First  Year  of  the  Schools  of  Mines,  Engineering, 
and  Chemistry,  provided  the  courses  previously  taken  by  him  fulfil  the  requirements  for 
admission  to  those  schools;  and  may  receive  the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S.  upon  the  satis- 
factory  completion  of  two  years'   work   in  a   professional   course. 

"No  course  counted  toward  the  professional  degree,  however,  with  the  exception  of 
Mathematics  3-4  and  Physical  Education  A  and  B,  may  be  included  in  the  72  point>*  men- 
tioned above. 

(b)  He  may  take  the  studies  of  the  First  Year  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  provided  he  has  previously  taken  in  college  (unless  the  equivalent  has  been 
offered  for  admi.ssion)  at  lea.st  one  course  in  Chemistry,  one  in  Physics,  and  one  in  Zool- 
ogy; and  may  receive  the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S.  upon  the -satisfactory  completion  of 
two  3'ears'  work  in  this  professional  course. 

"(r)  He  may  take  the  studies  of  the  First  Year  in  the  School  of  Fine  Arts,  priy- 
vided  the  courses  previously  tjiken  by  him  fulfil  the  requirements  for  adniLssion  tx>  that 
school;  and  may  receive  the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S.  upon  the  satisfactory  completion  of 
two  years'  work  in  a  professional  course. 

"No  course  counted  toward  the  professional  degree,  however,  with  the  exception  of 
Mathematics  3-4,  may  l)e  included  in  the  72   points  mentioned  above. 

"2.      When  94  points  (including  all  prescribed   work   have  been   made,   and   of  these 
not  less  than  64  in  Columbia  College,  a  student  who  wishes  to  enter  upon  his  profes.«iional 
studies  before  graduation   from  the  College   may  exercise  one  of  the  following  options: 
•For   graduation    12t   points   arc   required.      A   point  equals  a  semester  hour.     See  Catalogue,  p.  199. 


8  REPOET    ON    COMBINED    COUESES 

"(a)  He  may  take  the  studies  of  the  First  Year  of  School  of  Law;  and  may  receive 
the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S.  upon  the  satisfactory  completion  of  one  year's  work  in  this 
professional  course. 

"(6)  He  may  become  a  candidate  for  a  diploma  in  teaching  offered  by  the  Faculty 
of  Teachers  College,  in  wliich  case  he  must  register  therefor  in  Teachers  College,  pay 
liis  tuition  fees  to  the  Bursar  of  Teachers  College  and  become  subject  to  the  educational 
control  of  its  faculty.  Upon  the  satisfactory  completion  of  one  year's  work  in  tliis 
professional  course  he  will  receive  the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S. 

"For  particulars  as  to  these  several  options  the  announcement  of  the  proper  profes- 
sional school  should  be  consulted. 

"A  student  who  exercises  any  one  of  the  options  here  mentioned  continues  to  be  a  stu- 
dent of  Columbia  College  and  subject  to  the  autliorit}'  of  its  Dean,  as  long  as  he  remains  a 
candidate'  for  the  College  degree." — Catalogue,  1909-10,  pp.  194-195. 

The  following  letter  was  received  with  the  above  extracts: 

Columbia  Univeesity,  ^ 

The  College  Committee  on  Insteuction,  ? 

New  Yoek,  March  28,  1910.     J 

President  William.  Lowe  Bryan,  Indiana  University,  Bloomington,  Ind. : 

My  Deae  Sie:  At  the  request  of  President  Butler  I  have  examined  the  enclosed  ex- 
tracts from  our  University  Announcements,  dealing  with  the  combined  collegiate  and  pro- 
fessional courses,  and  find  them  accurately  quoted  and  descriptive  of  our  present  practice. 
I  may  add,  however,  that  though  the  student  is  formally  authorized  to  transfer  to  the 
School  of  Mines,  Engineering  and  Chemistry  after  two  years  of  College  residence  (the 
equivalent  of  72  points  in  purely  College  studies  having  been  obtained),  the  majority  pre- 
fer to  remain  for  three  ^^ears  in  residence  in  the  College,  taking  advantage  of  the  profes- 
sional option  only  in  their  Senior  year.  The  studies  of  the  first  year  in  these  professional 
schools  are  non-technical  in  character,  and  are  paralleled  in  regular  College  courses,  so  that 
the  student  has  the  opportunity  to  take  them  as  a  College  student  and  receive  both  the 
collegiate  and  professional  degrees  in  six  years,  three  of  which  are  devoted  to  purely  Col- 
lege w'ork,  and  three  to  professional  study. 

Trusting  that  this  answers  your  inquiry,  or  that,  if  not,  you  will  permit  me  to  explain 
further,  I  am, 

Very  truly  yours, 

Heney  Bedingee  Mitchell, 
Chairman   Committee  on   Instruction. 


IN     ACADEMIC    AN1>     PHOKESSION  AI,    WORK  9 

CORNELL  UNRKKSITV 

*'A  student  who  h>is  satisfied  at  least  six  terms  of  residence,  no  one  of  them  under  the 
[)rovisions  of  paraij^raphs  H  or  $3,  and  who  has  a  credit  of  at  least  ninety  hours,  may. 
\\U\\  th(  piriiiissioii  of  the  faculties  concerned,  be  registered  both  in  the  College  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  and  also  in  anv  other  college  of  Cornell  University." 

*^ Admission  of  Students  from  the  College  of  Arts  ajid  Sciences. — Seniors  in  good  stand- 
ing in  the  College  of  Art.s  and  Sciences  of  the  University  are  allowed,  with  permission 
of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Faculty  of  Law  in  each 
case,  to  take  all  or  any  part  of  their  \\ork  in  the  College  of  Law  and  count  it  towards  grad- 
uation in  both  colleges.  Under  this  provision  a  student  may  coni})lete  a  course  for  the 
degree  of  A.B.  and  for  the  degree  of  LL.B.  in  six  years." 

^'Only  the  following  classes  of  candidates  will  be  admitted  to  the  Cornell  University 
Medical  College: 

"l.      (iraduntes  of  approved  colleges  or  scientific  schools;  or 
'*IL      Seniors  in  good  standing  in  approved  colleges  or  scientific  schools,  upon  condi- 
tion that  their  faculty  will  permit  them  to  substitute  the  first  year  in  the  Cornell  Universit}' 
Medical  College  for  the  fourth  year  of  their  college  course,  and  will  confer  upon  them  the 
Bachelor's  degree  upon  the  satisfactory  completion  of  the  year's  work;    or 

"III.  Persons  who  give  evidence  by  examinations  that  thev  have  acquired  an  equiva- 
lent education  to  that  signified  by  a  bachelor's  degree,  and  training  sufficient  to  enable 
them  to  profit  by  the  instruction  offered  in  the  Medical  College." — Catalogue,  1i)i)'.i-10, 
pp.  90,  eSO,  25 Jf. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 

Thk  Gu adi\\tk  School  ok  Arts  and  Scikncks,"! 
Harvaiu)  Univkrsitv,  ? 

Camhkidge,  Ma.ssachtsktts,  June  30,  1910.     J 
Dear  President  Bryan: 

I  return  herewith  the  Questionnaire  on  the  art.s-profcssional  course.  In  looking  over 
the  report  of  your  committee  on  the  combined  courses  I  note  that  you  misrepresent  some- 
what the  position  of  Harvard  University  by  stating  that  eight  years  are  required  for  the 
combined  A.B.  and  ALI).  degrees.  This  is  the  ca.se  with  students  who  spend  four  years  in 
their  undergraduate  course,  but  as  the  privilege  of  taking  the  undergraduate  course  in 
three  years  is  open  to  practically  all  our  students,  the  time  absolutely  required  is  not  more 
than  seven  years,  although  naturally  many  students  take  eight.  Perhaps  the  fairest  form 
of  statement  would  be  "seven  to  eight  years,"  and  fj)r  law  "six  to  seven  year.'?." 

\  ery  truly   yours. 

President  W.  L.  Bryan.  Charles  H.  Haskins. 


10  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

'^Course  Preliminary  to  Law. — By  the  proper  selection  of  his  studies  it  is  possible  foi' 
a  prospective  law  student  to  take  both  his  degree  in  Arts  and  his  degree  in  Law  in  six 
years ;  and  a  strong  student  may  be  able  to  take  his  Bachelor's  degree  in  Arts  at  the  close 
of  his  first  year  in  the  College  of  Law.  The  following  courses  in  the  College  of  Law,  not 
exceeding  a  total  of  17  hours,  ma}'  be  counted  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts :  Law 
1  (Contracts);  Law  2  (Torts);  Law  3  (Real  Property);  Law  6  (Personal  Property). 
Some  of  these  courses,  not  exceeding  nine  hours,  may,  by  special  permission  of  the  Dean, 
be  taken  in  the  junior  year.  If  the  student  is  also  a  candidate  for  the  degree  of  LL.B., 
he  should  in  his  fourth  year  register  in  the  College  of  Law  and  pay  the  usual  fee  of  that 
College.  Students  are  not  permitted  to  take  this  law  work  until  their  junior  year.  A  fee 
of  five  dollars  is  charged  for  every  law  subject  taken  by  students  who  do  not  pay  the 
regular  law  school  fee.  Students  admitted  to  this  University  from  other  institutions  may 
count  these  law  courses  for  the  degree  of  A.B.  only  on  condition  of  completing  at  least 
30  hours'  work  in  residence  in  subjects  offered  by  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Literature 
and  Arts." 

''Six-Year  Medical  Course. — In  addition  to  the  usual  four  years'  medical  course,  de- 
scribed in  the  University  catalogue,  the  University  offers  a  six  years'  continuous  course  in 
general  science  and  medicine.  This  course  leads  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  upon 
the  completion  of  four  years'  work,  and  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  at  the  end  of 
the  six  years'  course.  It  includes  everything  contained  in  the  four  years'  medical  course, 
and  in  addition  enables  the  student  to  go  more  deeply  than  would  otherwise  be  possible 
into  the  fundamental  sciences  upon  which  medical  studies  are  based." — Register,  1909-10, 
pp.  86-87,  96. 

INDIANA  UNIVERSITY 

'"A.B.  Course  With  Thirty-six  Hours  of  Law. — A  course  has  been  arranged  by  which 
a  student  in  six  years  may  obtain  both  the  A.B.  and  the  LL.B.  degrees.  The  course  re- 
quires the  completion  of  three  full  years  of  academic  work  before  the  commencement  of  the 
law  course.  During  the  Senior  year  the  course  embraces  twelve  hours  of  Law  and  three 
hours  of  work  in  Liberal  Arts,  for  each  week.  The  course  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Facultv  of  the  University. 

"A  candidate  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  who  has  been  a  student  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts  of  this  University  for  at  least  one  continuous  college  year,  and  has  at 
least  135  hours  of  credit  in  Liberal  Arts,  at  least  45  of  which  have  been  earned  by  work 
in  the  classes  of  this  University,  and  who  has  credit  in  fuli  for  the  prescribed  subjects  of 
the  college  course,  and  lacks  not  more  than  9  hours  in  his  Major  Subject  and  Collateral 
work,  may  take  each  term  during  his  Senior   vear  \9l  hours  in  the  School  of  Law  and  3 


IX     ACADEMIC     AND     PKOKKSSlONAL     WORK  11 

hours  in  Liberal  Arts,  and  count  towards  the  A.B.  decree  the  36  hours  of  credit  in   Liiw 
earned  in  this  wjiy- 

'*Suoli  a  student  may  complete  the  requircinents  for  tlie  deo;ree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws 
by  two  years  of  additional  work  in  the  School  of  Law. 

"Any  student  of  Senior  rank,  who  has  otherwise  conformed  to  the  requirements  spec- 
ified above,  but  finds  it  necessary  or  desirable  to  take  more  than  three  hours  a  term  in 
other  subjects  than  Law,  may  elect  less  than  twelve  hours  of  Law  a  term,  and  count  it  to- 
ward the  A.B.  det^ree;  but  it  will  be  necessary  for  such  students  to  make  up  the  deficiency 
in  Law  in  order  to  frraduate  from  the  School   of  Law. 

"Students  who  wish  to  complete  both  the  College  course  and  the  Law  course  in  six 
years,  should  be  careful  to  confine  themselves  during  the  early  part  of  their  College  course 
to  the  prescribed  subjects  and  major  and  collateral  subjects,  and  to  reserve  at  least  tliirty- 
six  hours  of  the  elective  work  for  the  Senior  year,  which  may  then  be  taken  in  Law. 

"This  course  must  include,  as  collateral  or  elective  work,  nine  hours  in  Public  Speak- 
ing and  Debating,  and  four  hours  in  Accounting  and  Business  Practice 

"Students  who  graduate  on  or  before  the  commencement  of  June,  1913,  may  count 
Law  towards  tlie  A.B.  degree  under  the  requirements  published  in  the  catalogue  of  11)09, 
but  after  the  class  of  1913  no  credit  in  Law  will  be  counted  towards  the  A.B.  degree, 
except  when  it  is  taken  in  conformity  with  the  requirements  specified  above." — Bulletin 
of  the  School  of  Law,  April,  1910,  pp.  30-32. 

""Course  Lending  to  B.S.  and  M.D. — Arts  students  of  Indiana  University,  candidates 
for  the  B.S.  degree,  by  electing  the  first  two  years  of  Medicine  as  the  last  two  years  of 
their  collegiate  course,  and  by  registering  and  enrolling  at  the  same  time  in  both  arts 
and  medical  schools,  may  complete  the  work  for  their  B.S.  degree  with  two  years'  credit 
in  Medicine.  Thus  it  is  possible  to  secure  an  acadenu'c  degree  at  the  end  of  four  years,  and 
the  medical  degree  at  the  end  of  six  years,  from  the  time  of  matriculation  in  the  University. 

"The  exact  subjects  to  be  taken  in  the  first  two  years  of  this  course  will  vary  some- 
what according  to  the  subjects  taken  in  the  high  school.  The  following  plan,  therefore, 
is  subject  to  modification  in  particular  cases: 

FlHST     OR     FaESHMAK     CoiiE(  lATK      YeaU      (PrEMEDICAL) 

Fall    Term  Winter   Term                                   Spring    Term 

P'nglish    Composition  9  hrs.  Knglish    Composition  2  hrs.  Knglish    Composition  2  hrs. 

German     5  hrs.         German     5  hrs.  German     5  hrs. 

Zoology     5  hrs.         Zoology     5  hrs.  Zoology  or  Botany.  .  5  hrs. 

Elective    .'J  hrs.         Klcctive    3  hrs.  Kiectivc    3  hrs. 

Second   or   Sophomore   Com.egiate    Year     (Premedical) 

General   Chemistry.  .  5  hrs.         Qualitative    Analysis  5  hrs.         Qiialitntivc    Analysis  5  hrs. 

Philosophy     5  hrs.         Physics     5  hrs.         Physics     5  hrs. 

German     5  hrs.         German     5  hrs.         German     5  hrs. 


12  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

"Course  Leading  to  A.B.  and  M.D. — Students  wishing  to  take  the  degree  A.B.  with 
the  M.D.  must  meet  all  the  requirements  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  in  Groups  A,  B, 
C,  D,  E,  and  F,  and  in  addition  satisfy  the  requirements  of  some  one  Department  as  to 
major  subject  and  collateral.  Either  in  the  high  school  or  the  college  course  the  work 
offered  must  include  an  adequate  preparation  in  Physics,  Chemistry,  and  Biology.  Further 
work  in  the  A.B.  course,  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  65*  hours,  may  be  elected  in  the  med- 
ical course  outlined  below." — Bidletin  of  the  School  of  Medicine,  April,  1910,  pp.  32-83. 


THE  STATE  UNIVERSITY  OF  IOWA 

"The  following  courses  have  been  arranged  for  students  who,  while  looking  forward 
to  the  profession  of  medicine,  wish  to  avail  themselves  as  far  as  possible  of  the  opportu- 
nities afforded  by  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts. 

"Combined  Course  of  Six  Years  Leading  to  the  Degrees  B.S.  and  M.D. — Stu- 
dents will  be  admitted  to  this  course  upon  the  same  terms  as  to  the  regular  course  in  Liberal 
Arts.  The  premedical  work  here  outlined  fully  meets  the  requirements  of  the  American 
Association  of  Medical  Colleges. 

First  Ybar 
Each  Semester 

English    2  hours 

Foreign  language  (Note  1 )   4  or     5  hours 

Physics 4  hours 

Animal  biology  or  botany  4  hours 

14  or  15  hours 
Military  drill  or  physical  training,  hygiene 1   or     2  hours 

Second  Year 

Each  Semester 

English 3  hours 

Chemistrj'   4  hours 

Advanced  animal  biology  or  comparative  zoology 4  hours 

Psychology   3  hours 

Electives,  as  may  be  permitted  (Note  2). 

At  least,  14  hours 

Military  drill  or  physical  training   1  hour 

"T/jird  and  Fourth  Years.  Medical  work,  with  such  electives  in  liberal  arts  as  may 
be  needed  to  meet  the  requirements  of  Note  2. 

*  After  the  Summer   Term  of   1914,   not   to   exceed  45  hours  may  be  coimted. 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  Id 

*' Fifth  and  ^Sirth    Years.      iMcdicvil  work   exclusively- 

"Notes. — 1.  It  is  assumed  tiiat  all  requirements  for  admission  to  tlio  College.'  of 
Liberal  Arts  have  been  met.  Students  who  offer  only  two  years  of  forcii^n  lanejuagc  for 
entrance  nnist  complete  at  least  twenty  semester-hours  of  forei<Tfn  lantrvui^e  before  gradu- 
ation, of  which  fourteen  hours  nuist  he  in  one  language.  Those  offering  only  three  years 
must  complete  fourteen  hours  in  a  single  foreign  language. 

"2.  Twelve  semester-hours  of  elective  work  must  be  completed,  of  which  at  least  six 
shall  be  from  Group  II.      (See  above  under  General  ('ourse  in  Liberal  Arts.) 

"The  degree  of  B.S.  will  be  conferred  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  year;  the  degree  of 
ALD.  at  the  end  of  the  sixth  year,  if  the  required  work  Iuls  been  completed. 

"COMIUNKD  COURSK  OF  SkVEN   YkaRS  LeADIXG     TO     THE     DEGREES     B.A.     AND     M.D. 

Candidat^.'s  for  the  degree  of  B.A.  who  have  completed  ninety-five  semester-hours  of  work  in 
the  College  of  Liberal  Ai'ts,  including  the  premedical  courses  prescribed  in  the  six-year 
course  outlined  above,  together  with  the  required  work  in  military  drill  or  physical  train- 
ing and  hygiene,  and  whose  electives  have  been  so  chosi'n  jis  to  satisfy  the  group  reijuirt^ 
ments  for  the  degree  may  substitute  for  the  remaining  thirty  hours  of  the  liberal  arts  cours*- 
the  regular  work  of  the  first  year  of  the  College  of  Medicine  or  the  College  of  Homeopathic 
Medicine,  such  work  to  include  Chemistry,  Anatomy,  Histology,  and  Physiology.  Thr 
degree  of  B.A.  will  be  conferred  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  year  and  that  of  M.D.  at  the 
end  of  the  seventh  year. 

"All  the  entrance  requirements  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  must  be  met  as  explaim-d 
in  Note  1  under  the  six-year  course. 

"CoMRiXEi)  Course  of  Six  Years  in  Lirerai.  Arts  and  Law. — Students  of  tin-  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts  who  have  fully  complet^^xl  their  Junior  year,  and  who  have  satisfied  the 
specific  requirements  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  except  jis  here  specified,  may  !)<• 
enrolled  in  the  College  of  Law  and  receive  credit  for  one  year's  time  of  law  study  while  com- 
pleting their  Senior  year  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  by  complying  with  the  follow- 
ing conditions:  They  must  register  for  ten  liours  a  week  in  the  College  of  Law  in  the 
subjects  of  the  first  year,  given  throughout  tl;e  year  at  eight  and  nine  o'clock,  and  prac- 
tice-court by  ajipointment;  and  for  five  hours  in  the  Collegia  of  Liberal  Arts  selected  from 
the  grou})  of  sub) ect.s  embracing  political  and  social  science,  including  Dnlitic.il  nud  institu 
tional  historv. 

"Under  this  arrangement  the  two  courses  may  be  completed  in  six  years;  the  degree 
of  B..\.  being  conferred  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  year  and  that  of  LL.B.  at  the  end  of  the 
sixth.  This  privilege  is  not  extended  to  undergraduates  from  other  colleges  who  enter  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  with  the  rank  of  Senior."  -  Announcement  of  the  College  of  Lib- 
eral Arts,  1909-10,  pp.  83-85. 


14  REPORT    ON     COMBINED     COURSES 

JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 

Johns  Hopkins  University, 

Medical  Department. 
Office  of  the  Dean, 
Chebeague,  Me.,  Sept.  3,  1910. 
President  Wm.  L.  Bryan,  Indiana  University : 

Dear  Sir — Your  letter  of  the  29th  has  just  reached  me  after  being  forwarded  from 
Baltimore.  Our  faculty  has  considered  the  matter  of  the  combined  courses,  and  their  pres- 
ent attitude  toward  it  takes  the  form  of  a  resolution  according  to  which  graduates  of  ap- 
proved colleges  who  meet  all  of  our  entrance  requirements,  and  in  whose  college  work 
one  or  two  years  of  medical  instruction  counted  upon  the  Bachelor's  degree,  are  eligible 
for  admission  to  the  second  year.  The  effect  of  this  resolution,  as  you  will  see,  is  to 
recognize  a  combined  course  of  seven  years,  but  not  one  of  six  years. 

Very  truly  yours, 

W.  H.  Howell,  Dean. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  KANSAS 

'^Medical  Subjects  for  College  Students.— A  student  of  the  College,  having  attained 
full  Senior  standing,  may  elect  all  of  the  woi'k  of  his  Senior  year  from  the  curriculum  of 
the  School  of  Medicine  and  have  the  same  credited  toward  the  A.B.  degree.  To  secure  this 
privilege  the  candidate  must  register  in  the  School  of  Medicine  as  well  as  the  College  dur- 
ing his  Senior  year,  and  must  complete  all  of  the  work  of  the  second  year  of  the  course  in 
medicine. 

"■'Candidates  for  both  A.B.  and  M.D.  degrees  who  desire  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
foregoing  regulation  must  have  registered  in  both  the  College  and  the  School  of  Medicine 
during  their  Junior  year  and  have  completed  those  courses  which  are  common  to  the  cur- 
riculum of  the  College  and  the  curriculum  of  the  School  of  Medicine. 

"Laze?  Subjects  for  College  Students. — A  student  of  the  College,  having  attained  full 
Senior  standing,  may  elect  not  to  exceed  one- half  of  the  work  of  his  Senior  year,  or  fifteen 
hours,  from  the  curriculum  of  the  School  of  Law  and  have  the  same  counted  toward  the 
A.B.  degree.  To  secure  this  privilege  the  candidate  must  register  in  the  School  of  Law  as 
well  as  the  College  during  his  Senior  year,  and  must  confine  his  election  to  the  first  year 
of  the  curriculum  of  the  School  of  Law." 

"Degrees. — The  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  and  Doctor  of  Medicine  are  conferred 
upon  those  completing  the  full  six-year  course  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences 
and  the  School  of  Medicine,  as  laid  down  in  the  catalogue  of  the  College." 


IN     ACADKMIC      VND     PKOKKSSION  Al.     WOKK  15 

'"College  and  School  of  Law  in  Six  Years. — A  reiruhir  course  in  the  College,  however, 
is  strongly  reconunended.  During  the  Senior  year  of  the  College  the  student  may  elect 
one  iialf-yoar's  work  from  the  course  in  the  School  of  Law.  By  this  arrangement,  the  stu- 
dent, hy  reasonable  extra  work,  may  finish  both  the  College  and  the  School  of  Law  in  six 
yefixsr— General   Catalogue,    1908-09,   pp.   96,  '254,  S86. 


The  following  letter  accompanied  the  above  statement : 

Thk 


University   of   Kansas,      "1 
Lawrenck,  April  6,   1 01'-. J 


President    William  L.  Bri/an,  Liloomington,  Indiana: 

Dkau  Sir — Your  recent  letter  of  inquiry  addressed  to  Chancellor  Strong  htis  been  re- 
ferred to  me  for  reply.  Your  (quotations  from  the  Catalogue  of  the  University  of  Kansas 
are  correct,  and  these  regulations  are  in  force  at  the  present  time.  The  Faculty  of  the 
College  has  under  consideration  a  revision  of  the  scheme  of  recognition  of  work  done  in  pro- 
fessional schools.  It  is  probable  that  before  another  year  the  regulations  quoted  will  be 
more  or  less  serioush-  amended.  It  would  be  a  great  favor  to  us  if  we  might  receive  from 
you  the  result.s  and  conclusions  from  your  investigations,  as  our  action  might  be  influenced 
thereby  in  some  degree. 

Respectfully, 

Olin  Tempon, 

Dean  of  the  Collejje  of  Liberal  Arts  ,'md  Sciences. 


L ELAND  STANFORD  JUNIOR  UNIVERSITY 

'"The  Pre-legal  Course. — For  undergraduate  students  who  enter  with  the  intention  of 
preparing  for  the  study  of  law,  a  pre-legal  course  is  offered  by  the  University  under  the 
direction  of  the  Faculty  of  Law.  This  course  ordinarily  occupies  four  years  and  ncjuires 
that  the  student  obtain  120  units  of  university  credit.  The  equivalent  of  three  years  (90 
units  of  credit)  is  irivfn  to  general  culture  studies  (for  instruction  in  which  no  tuition  is 
charged)   and  of  one  year  (SO  units  of  credit)  to  the  professional  study  of  law. 

"The  120  unit-hours  of  work  usually  are  apportioned  as  follows:  To  the  first  and 
second  years,  30  units  of  general  culture  studies  each:  to  the  third  year,  23  units  of  gen- 
eral culture  studies  and  the  course  in  Contracts:  to  the  fourth  year,  7  units  of  general 
culture  studies  and  23  units  in  Law.  The  90  unit-hours  of  general  culture  studies  may  be 
taken  in  three  years,  and  the  fourth  year  be  devoted  entirely  to  law  study.  No  student 
in  this  course  can  begin  the  professional  study  of  law  until  he  has  received  credit  for  at 
least  50  unit-hours. 


16  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

"In  arranging  courses  in  general  culture  subjects  it  is  expected  that  60  units  will  be 
applied  as  follows :  To  Latin,  4- ;  or  to  a  modern  language  other  than  English  and  the 
one  chosen  to  fulfil  the  next  requirement,  8;  to  either  French,  German,  or  Spanish,  6;  to 
English,  10,  which  shall  include  coui-ses  A,  2a,  26,  and  24;  to  History,  15;  to  Economics, 
13 ;  to  Mathematics  or  Logic,  6 ;  and  to  an  elementary  science  course  with  laboratory 
work,  6. 

"Students  who  satisfactorily  complete  the  Pre-legal  course  are  granted  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  by  the  University,  and  by  reason  of  having  had  one  year  of  law  study  as 
undergraduates  may  satisfy  the  requirements  for  the  degree  of  Juris  Doctor  by  two  years 
of  graduate  law  study." 

''One  Year  of  Medicine  Counted  Toward  Degree  of  Bachelor  of  .iri;?.— Students  in 
any  department  of  the  University  who  desire  to  enter  the  medical  course,  and  who  have 
included  in  their  course  of  study  tlie  subjects  required  for  admission  to  the  medical  course, 
may,  at  the  beginning  of  their  fourth  (or  Senior)  3'ear  in  the  University,  register  as  stu- 
dents of  medicine,  and  on  completion  of  the  first  year's  work  in  medicine  may  receive  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Students  entering  the  University  with  the  intention  of  ulti- 
mately studying  medicine  will  note  that  the  department  of  Physiology  and  Histology,  in 
its  coui-se  leading  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  includes  the  work  preparator}^  to  medi- 
cine and  the  first  year  of  the  medical  course." — Register,  1908-1909,  pp.  Ill,  167. 

The  following  letter  accompanied  the  above  statement: 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University, 

Stanford  University,  Cal.,  March  26,  1910. 

President  William  Lowe  Bryan,  Bloomington,  Indiana : 

My  Dear  President  Bryan — The  quotations  from  our  Register  are  correct.  In  a 
general  way,  both  Law  and  Medicine  begin  with  the  fourth  year  in  college.  The  degree  of 
A.B.  is  given  after  the  first  year.  It  is  a  nuisance,  but  one  we  cannot  get  rid  of.  The 
Law  School  comprises  all  Seniors  who  are  devoting  themselves  to  Law,  and  the  Medical 
School  includes  all  Seniors  in  Chemistry  and  Physiology  who  have  met  the  requirements 
for  admission  to  the  School  of  Medicine.  This  condition  seems  to  us  to  be  the  best  possi- 
ble, except  for  the  intrusion  of  the  Bachelor's  degree. 

Very  truly  A'ours, 

David  Starr  Jordan,  President. 


IN     ACAJ)KM1C     AND     I'KOKESSION  A  I-    WOKK  17 

UNIVERSITY   OF  MICHIGAN 

"Comb'nud  IMcnirif  tind  Medical  Course. — Students  di'siring  to  obtain  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Aits  in  the  Department  of  I^ittrature,  Science,  and  the  Arts,  and  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  in  th<^  Dt-partmeiit  of  Medicine  and  Surt^ery,  niay-  hy  enrolling  in  tlie  com- 
bined Literary  and  Medical  course,  shorten  from  eight  years  to  seven  the  time  required  t-o 
earn  the  two  degrees.  This  privilege  is  open  only  to  students  who,  during  their  first  three 
years,  have  maintained  a  uniform  record  of  good  scholarship.  Thr  work  is  vmder  the  direc- 
tion of  a  committee  of  five  members  rej)resenting  the  Department  of  Literature,  Science, 
and  the  Arts,  and  the  Depaiimenf  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  With  tiie  consent  of  the 
committee  in  charfre,  a  candidate  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  who  has  been  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Department  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts  for  at  kiist  one  year,  and  has 
90  or  more  hours  to  his  credit,  of  which  at  least  30  hours  have  bt^en  earned  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts  of  this  Universitv,  may  enroll  upon  the  com- 
bined course;  that  is,  whiK'  c(mtinuing  his  registration  in  this  department  he  may  also 
register  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  provided  the  work  he  has  already 
completed  includes  a  sufficient  number  of  the  courses  enumerated  below  tx)  enable  him  to 
complete  within  one  year  the  specific  requirements  described  in  the  following  paragraph. 

"When  the  student  so  registered  in  the  two  departments  has  completed  the  first  year 

of  the  Course  in  Medicine,  and  not  less  than  90  hours  in  the  Department  of  Literature. 

Science,  and  the  x\rts,  he  will  be  recommended  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  provided 

his  work  has  included  the  following  courses: 

Rhetoric,  6  hours,  including  Courses  1   and   2. 

French  and  German.  Ifi  hours  of  eittier  one,  and  8  hours  of  the  other. 

English,  6  hours. 

P.sychology,  6  hours. 

Physics,   10   hours,   including  -2  hours  of  i.thoratory  work. 

Chemistry,  general  and  organic.  8  hours  for  students  presenting  Chemistry  for  entrance, 

otherwise  V2  hours. 
Physical   Chemistry,    t  hours. 
Biology,  8  hours. 
Zoology,  6  hours. 
Total.  78  or  8i?  hours. 

Suggested  electives:  Latin  or  Klementary  Greek,  8  hours;  History,  or  FoMtical 
Economy,  or  Philosophy,  8  hours;  Qualitative  Analysis.  V  hours;  Organic  Chemistry. 
5  hours. 

"Students  enrolling  prior  to  September,  1913,  who  so  desire,  may  obtain  the  degrees 
of  Bachelor  of  Science  and  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  six  years  by  complying  with  the  re- 
quirements above  set  forth,  except  that  the  credit  required  from  the  Department  of  I^itern- 
ture.  Science,  and  the  Arts  shall  be  60  hours,  instead  of  90,  and  slmll  include  the  follow- 
ing courses : 

[2] 


18  REPORT    ON    COMBINED     COURSES 

Rhetoric,  6  hours,  including  Courses  1  and  2. 

French  or  German,  16  hours. 

Physics,  8  hours. 

Chemistry,  general  and  organic,  8  hours  for  students  presenting  Chemistry  for  entrance, 

otherwise  12  hours. 
Biology,  8  hours. 
Total,  46  or  50  hours. 

Electives  are  suggested   from  the  courses  before  mentioned. 

In  order  to  meet  exceptional  cases,  the  Committee  shall  have  power  to  adjust  the 
foregoing  requirements  by  allowing  substantial  equivalents. 

'^Covibined  Literary  and  Law  Course. — Students  desiring  to  obtain  the  degrees  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  in  the  Department  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts,  and  of  Bachelor 
of  Laws  in  the  Department  of  Law,  ma}"^,  by  enrolling  on  the  Combined  Literary  and  Law 
Course,  shorten  from  seven  to  six  years  the  time  required  to  earn  the  two  degrees.  This 
privilege  is  open  only  to  students  who,  during  their  first  three  years,  have  maintained  a 
uniform  record  of  good  scholarship.  The  work  is  under  the  direction  of  a  joint  com- 
mittee of  five  members,  representing  the  Department  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts, 
and  the  Department  of  Law.  With  the  consent  of  the  committee  in  charge  a  candidate 
for  the  degree  of  A.B.,  who  has  been  a  student  in  the  Department  of  Literature,  Science, 
and  the  Arts  for  at  least  one  year,  and  has  90  or  more  hours  to  his  credit,  of  which  at 
least  30  hours  have  been  earned  in  the  Literary  Department  of  this  University,  may  en- 
roll on  the  Combined  Course ;  that  is,  while  continuing  his  registration  in  this  department 
he  may  also  register  in  the  Department  of  Law,  provided  the  work  he  has  already  com- 
pleted includes  a  sufficient  number  of  courses  enumerated  below  to  enable  him  to  complete 
within  one  year  the  specific  requirement  described  in  the  following  paragraph. 

"When  the  student  so  registered  in  the  two  departments  has  completed  the  first  year 
of  the  Law  Course  and  not  less  than  ninety-six  hours  in  the  Department  of  Literature, 
Science,  and  the  Arts,  he  will  be  recommended  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  provided 
his  work  has  included  the  following  courses : 

Rhetoric,  12  hours,  including  Courses  1,  2,  3  and  4. 
Mathematics,  or  a  science  including  laboratory  work,  8  hours. 
Latin,  or   French,  or  German,   or   Spanish,  8  hours. 
English  History,  \a  and  2fl,  or  3  and  4. 
English  Literature,  6  hours. 
Total,  42  hours. 

"Latin  is  strongly  urged  as  desirable  for  every  student  preparing  to  study  law.  In 
order  to  meet  exceptional  cases  the  committee  shall  have  authority  to  adjust  the  forego- 
ing requirements  by  allowing  substantial  equivalents. 

"In  addition  to  the  required  courses  the  student  is  advised  to  elect  at  least  forty  hours 
from  the  following  subjects: 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND    IMIOFESSIONAL    WOUK  19 

"Latin,  8  hours,  Courses  ii  find  4;  French,  German  or  Spanish,  16  hours;  History, 
14  hours,  inckidinjT  Courses  14  and  15;  International  Law,  4  hours;  Economics,  16  hours, 
includinjT  Courses  1,  6,  9,  9fl,  15  and  38;  Philosophy,  7  hours,  includinfr  Loffic  or  Psy- 
cholofry.  and  Political  Philosophy  or  Ethics;  Mathematics,  2  hours.  Course  51;  Govern- 
ment, 6  hours:    Oratory,  4  honrs."— Calendar,  1908-09,  pp.   160-162, 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA 

^^Serrn-Ycar  Course  in  Arts  and  Medicine,  Leading  to  the  Degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Arts 
and  Doctor  of  Medicine. — Seniors  who 'intend  to  enter  the  CoUefre  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 
are  permitted  to  take  in  that  college  Anatomy,  Chemistry,  Histology  and  Physiology  (it 
being  understood  that  no  repetition  of  work  is  allowed),  and  the  work  is  credited  as  Senior 
work,  thirty-two  credits,  in  the  College  of  Science,  Literature  and  the  Arts  and  first-year 
work  in  the  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  This  privilege  is  conditioned  upon  their 
having  credits  for  two  years  of  Latin  and  for  one  year  (three  credit-hours  per  week)  of 
each  of  the  following:  Physics,  General  Inorganic  Chemistry,  Qualitative  Analysis,  Zool- 
ogy or  Botany,  and  German  or  French.  They  arc  required  to  complete  a  major  and  two 
minors,  one  in  each  of  the  groups  (a),  (6)  and   (c). 

'"Six-Year  Course  in  Science  and  Medicine,  Leading  to  the  Degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Sci- . 
ence  and  Doctor  of  Medicine. — For  requirements  for  admission,  see  page  28.  The  first  two 
years  of  this  course  are  given  in  the  College  of  Science,  Literature  and  the  Arts,  and  the 
last  four  years  are  given  in  the  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  It  leads  to  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Science  at  the  end  of  four  years,  and  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
at  the  end  of  six  years. 

"Students  who  enter  without  French  or  German  are  required  to  Uike  German  1,  ten 
credits,  and  German  3  (scientific),  six  credits. 

"Students  entering  with  two  years  of  German  may  take  French  1,  ten  credits,  in  either 
first  or  second  year,  and  Gorman  3,  six  credits,  in  the  other  year. 

"Descriptions  of  the  following  courses,  which  are  all  required,  are  given  in  the  respec- 
tive departmental  statements: 

First  Year 
Zoology,  Course  1,  three  hours. 
Botany,  Course   1,  three  hours. 
Chemistry,  Course  1   or  Course  2,  three  hours. 
German  or   French    (see  note  nbove). 

Second  Part  Higher  Algebra  and  Trigonometry,  three  hours. 
Militar>-  Drill  and  Gymnasium,  for  men;    Physical  Culture,  for  women. 


^0  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COIJESES 

SEco>fn  Year 
Comparative  Anatomy  of  Vertebrates,  three  hours. 
Qualitative  Analysis,  three  hours. 
Elements  of  Economics,  three  hours,  first  semester. 
Economic  Conditions  in  American  Cities,  three  hours,  second  semester. 
German  or  French  (see  note  above). 
Physics   with   Laboratory   Practice,    four   hours. 
Rhetoric,  Course  1,  three  hours. 
Military  Drill,  for  men. 

The  remaining  years  of  the  course  are  given  in  the  College  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery and  the  subjects  may  be  foimd  in  the  bulletin  of  that  college. 

** Six-Year  Course  in  Arts  and  Law,  Leading  to  the  Degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  and 
Bachelor  of  Laxvs. — Seniors  who  intend  to  enter  the  College  of  Law  are  permitted  to  take 
in  that  college  elements  of  contracts,  domestic  relations,  commercial  DaDer,  torts  and  crim- 
inal law,  and  the  work  is  credited  as  Senior  work,  twelve  credits,  in  the  College  of  Science, 
Literature  and  the  Arts  and  first-year  work  in  the  College  of  Law,  thus  enabling  students, 
by  some  extra  work,  to  finish  the  law  course  in  two  or  more  years." — Bulletin,  1909—10,  pp. 
48-50.  

UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSOURI 

"Combined  Course  in  Arts  and  Lazv. — Seniors  in  the  College  of  Arts  and  Science  ma}' 
elect,  as  part  of  the  requirements  for  graduation,  courses  from  tlie  first  year's  work  in  the 
School  of  Law  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  twenty-two  hours.  Lender  special  circumstances 
this  privilege  nia}-^  be  extended  to  Juniors  with  the  consent  of  the  Deans  of  the  College 
of  Arts  and  Science  and  the  School  of  Law.  A  combined  course  of  this  character  will 
enable  a  student  to  obtain  the  degrees  of  A.B.  and  LL.B.  in  six  years. 

"The  following  courses  in  the  College  of  Arts  and  Science  may  be  selected  for  the"  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Laws : 

"In  Political  Science  and  Public  Law,  Course  4,  Comparative  Constitutional  Law; 
Course  6,  Comparative  Administrative  Law ;  Course  9b,  The  Law  of  Taxation ;  Course  8a, 
The  Government  of  Missouri;  in  History,  Course  32,  English  Constitutional  and  Legal 
Histor}"^ ;    Course  34a,  American  Colonial  Institutions." 

"Courses  in  Medicine  and  in  Arts  and  Science. — It  is  the  policy  of  the  School  of  Medi- 
cine to  encourage  in  every  way  possible  the  gaining  of  a  liberal  education  as  a  sound  prep- 
aration for  the  professional  study  of  Medicine.  Students  of  Medicine  arc  therefore 
stronglv  urged  to  take  a  general  scientific  course  in  conjunction  with  their  work  in  Medi- 
cine. The  student  in  the  School  of  Medicine  may,  by  a  proper  choice  of  electives  in  the 
College  of  Arts  and  Science,  do  his  required  work  in  Medicine,  and  at  the  same  time  meet 
the  requirements  for  the  desfree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  (see  course  below).  Such  students 
are  registered  in  both  the  School  of  Medicine  and  in  the  Colic  ere  of  Arts  and  Science,  and 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     I'KOKKSSIONAL    WORK  21 

must  fulfil  tlu'  requirements  of  both.  Candidates  for  both  the  A.B.  and  M.D.  de<^rees  are 
reconmiendtd  to  elect  subjects  required  or  which  lead  up  to  subjects  required  in  Medicine 
in  approximately  tlu"  order  suf^fj^ested  by  the  followiny;  tabulated  statement.  The  work 
outlined  for  the  First  year  includes  the  college  work  now  required  for  admission  to  the  reg- 
ular course  in  Medicine.  The  work  outlined  for  the  First  and  Second  years  includes  the  two 
years  of  college  work  which  will  be  required  for  entrance  in  the  Medical  Department,  begin- 
ning with  September  1,  1910. 

"The  entrance  requirement  for  the  combined  course  outlined  below  is  that  specified 
for  the  College  of  Art^  and  Science,  i.  e.,  a  High  School  course  equivalent  to  fifteen  units. 
A  student  who  follows  this  combined  course  will,  at  the  end  of  four  years,  have  completed 
the  requirements  for  the  A.B.  degree  (provided  that  five  hours  of  the  electives  be  chosen 
from  work  'for  under Jiraduatcs  and  graduates'  in  the  Division  of  Biological  Sciences). 
He  will  also  have  completed  the  first  two  years  of  the  course  in  Medicine,  and  will  require 
only  two  years  more  for  the  M.D.  degree.  In  order  to  complete  the  work  in  the  time 
specified,  it  is  necessary  for  the  student  to  follow  closely  the  course  outlined  below.  All 
students  who  contemplate  taking  this  course  should  consult  the  Conunittee  on  Combined 
Course  (at   present,  Professor  Jackson). 

A  Course  Lending  to  the  Degrees  of  A.B.  and  M.D.  Recommended  bt/  the  Medical  Faculty 

First  Semesler  Second  Semealer 

First   Yeau                                                           Hours  CreilU.  Hours  Credit. 

Knplish   (or  German)    5  0 

Cicriiian    (or   Englisti)    0  5 

Cicneral  Zoology    ^  ** 

Tticory  of   Involution 1  " 

Chemistry,  Inorganic  and  Qualitative  Analysis 5  5 

General  Physics   {2b)    0  ^ 

Physical  Training  or  Military  Science 0  0 

16  16 

SECONn  Year 

Chemistry,  Organic    3  3 

Embryology  of  Vertebrates   0  -i 

'Histriry   (or  .Ancient  Language)    5  0 

•Ancient  Language  (or  History)    0  * 

•Psychology    5  0 

Physical  Training  or  Military  Science 1  1 

Elective    3  5 

17  17 

•Note. — When  a  prescrihetl  minimum  amciunt  of  High  School  work  in  correspond- 
ing subjects  has  been  offcrrd  for  fntranre.  other  subjects  may  be  substituted  for  those 
indicated. 


22 


REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 


First  Semester 
TnraD  Year  Hours  Credit. 

Osteology-     3 

Neurology 0 

Dissection   3 

Normal   Histology    , 4 

Hygiene    0 

Bacteriology     3 

Physical  Training  or  Military  Science 1 

Elective  3 

17 
FoTTRTH  Year 

Physiology  and  Physiological  Chemistry 10 

Pharmacology    0 

Pathology,  General  and  Special  4 

Advanced  Dissection   3 

Topographic  Anatomy    0 

Elective   0 


Second  Semester 
Hours  Credit. 
0 
3 
3 
4 
3 
0 
1 
3 

17 

0 
4 
8 
0 
3 
3 


Fifth   Year 
Same  as  the  Third  Year  of  Medicine  in  the  four  years'  course. 


17 


18 


Sixth  Year 
Same  as  the  Fourth  Year  of  Medicine  in  the  four  years'  course. 

"With  the  consent  of  the  Dean,  ]\Iedical  students  may  take  accessory  work  offered  in 
other  departments  of  the  University." — Catalogue,  1908-09,  pp.  ^76-^77,  288. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA 

"Combined  Six-Year  Collegiate  and  Law  Course. — Four-\'ear  students  in  the  College  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  ma}^  elect  courses  in  the  Department  of  Jurisprudence  and  Public  Law 
which  count  towards  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  not  to  exceed  twelve  hours  a 
week  each  semester  of  the  first-year  studies  in  the  College  of  Law.  These  subjects  count 
towards  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  or  of  Bachelor  of  Science.  By  this  arrangement, 
a  student  is  enabled  to  complete  a  combined  course  of  study  in  six  years  and  receive  the 
two  degrees.  The  student  expecting  to  take  this  combined  course  of  six  years  must  declare 
his  intention  before  taking  his  first  degree  and  must  pay  the  regular  fees  of  the  College  of 
Law." 

"The  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  offers  instruction  in  classical,  literary,  and  science 
studies  leading  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  or  of  Bachelor  of  Science.  These 
courses  are  largely  elective  and  presume  as  a  rule  four  years  of  residence  work." 


IX    ACADEMIC    AXD     PUOFESSIONAl.    WORK  88 

""Six-Year  Covib'nied  Collegiate  and  Medieal  Course. — Tlie  entrance  requirements  are 
those  of  the  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  given  in  the  announcement  of  that  college. 

"Whenever  jmssihle,  the  student  is  advised  to  take  this  conihined  course,  wliich  leads  to 
the  Bachelor's  degree  at  the  conclusion  of  four  years,  and  to  that  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
at  the  end  of  six  years.  The  work  in  Lincoln  is  known  as  that  of  the  premedical  group, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Regents,  April,  1902.  The  work  of  the  group  lays 
a  broad  foundation  for  the  technical  work  of  tl'.e  last  two  years  and  gives  the  student  not 
only  the  best  possible  training,  but  also  the  advantage  of  possessing  the  Bachelor's  degree. 

"If  one  wishes  to  complete  both  courses  within  six  years,  it  is  not  possible  to  deviate 
materially  from  the  program  outlined  below. 

"Details  in  regard  to  the  non-technical  courses  which  appear  in  this  schedule,  such  as 
Rhetoric,  should  be  secured  from  the  announcement  of  the  undergraduate  college. 


First  Setnuler  Second  SefntsUr 

First  Year  Houra.                     Hours. 

General  and  Inorganic  Chemistry   (Chemistry,   1,3) 2  9 

Physics  1,2   3  S 

Modern  Language  (German)    5  5 

General  and  Medical  Zoology  (Zoology  \,  2) 3  S 

Rhetoric  1,  2   2  9 

Osteologj'  (Zoology  8a)    0  9 

Military   Drill    1  1 

18  18 

Second  Year 

Physics  3,  4.  2  9 

Organic  Chemistry  (Chemistry  3,  4)    3  S 

Invertebrate  and  Vertebrate  Morphology  (Zoology  5,  8) 4  4 

Modern  Language  (German  or  French) 5  5 

Botany  1,  2   3  3 

Military  Drill    1  1 

18  18 

Tninn  Year 

General  and  Practical  Anatomy   (Anatomy  1,  2) 4  4 

Neurology   (Anatomy  8)    0  9 

General  Physiologj-  ( Physiologj'  1,2)    9  9 

Histology  and  Embryology  (Zoology  9,  10)  4                    2  or  S 

Philosophy   1    3  0 

Physical  and   Physiological  Chemistry   (Chemistry  35,  34) 2  4 

Historj-  of  Medicine  1,2  1  1 

16  15  or  16 


.^4  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

First  Semester         Second  Semester 

Fouhth  Yeah  Hows.  Hours. 

Regional,  Practical  and  Applied  Anatomy   (Anatomy  3,  4)  ... .  4  3 

Advanced  Physiology  (Physiology  3)    3  0 

Pharmacodynamics    2  2 

Bacteriology     4  0 

Pathology   0  6 

Clinical  Diagnosis  (Pathology  4)    0  1 

Urinary  Analysis  and  Toxicology   (Chemistry    41) 4  0 

Demonstration   Courses    0  2 

Required  Electives*  0  3 

17  17 


*  "The  required  elective  is  a  three-hour  course  to  be  taken  in  any  department  elected 
by  the  student,  the  character  of  the  work  to  be  determined  by  consultation  between  the  , 

head  of  the  department  and  the  student." 

—Calendar,  1907-08,  pp.  3^1-34,2,  45,  390-391. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

"£>^gT^^«.— Students  in  the  Course  of  Arts  and  Science  who  present  Latin  and  Greek 
for  admission,  and  who  take  the  College  Greek  331,  and  Latin  431  and  432,  receive  on 
graduation  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Other  students  receive  on  graduation  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science. 

"Composite  Year  in  Medicine. — A  student  in  the  course  in  Arts  and  Science  may,  in 
his  Senior  year,  register  as  a  regular  student  in  the  first-year  class  in  the  Department  of 
Medicine.  Students  wishing  to  avail  themselves  of  this  privilege  are  required  to  do  only 
fift3'-two  (52)  units  of  purely  college  work,  the  other  eight  (8)  units  required  for  grad- 
uation being  credited  to  them  from  the  studies  of  the  first-year  class  in  Medicine.  The 
fifty-two  (52)  units  taken  in  the  College  by  such  students  must  include  at  least  sixteen 
(16)  units  in  Biology,  and  three  (3)  units  in  Chemistry,  in  addition  to  the  prescribed 
Chemistry  and  Ph3'sics,  including  laboratory  work.  For  other  requirements  for  entrance 
into  the  Department  of  Medicine,  see  the  announcement  of  that  Department."- — Catalogue, 
1908-09,  p.  no. 

Law  cannot  be  taken  as  part  of  the  Course  in  Arts  and  Science. 


IN     ACADK.MK        \\1>      I' KO  K  KSSUtN  A 1.     UOKK  ^^5 

UNIVERSITY  OF  VIRGINIA 

Bachelou  of  Arts 

"The  deforce  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  of  the  University  of  Virginia  is  conferred  upon  the 
candidatL-  who  has  completed  the  work  of  thirteen  courses  in  accordance  with  the  regulations 
given  below. 

"/.  Selection  and  Number  of  Courses. — Unless  admitted  to  advanced  standing,  the 
candidate  must  select  the  required  thirteen  courses  as  follows: 

(o)  A  Course! :  The  candidate  must  complete  the  work  of  English  Literature  lA, 
Mathematics  lA;    and  either  Latin   lA,  or  Greek  S?A. 

(6)  B  Courgex:  The  candidate  must  complete  eight  B  Courses  selected  from  the  six 
groups  given  above  (p.  159)  as  follows:  Two  B  courses  must  be  selected  from 
Group  1,  and  one  of  these  must  be  either  Latin  :3B  or  Greek  3B;  one  B  Course 
must  be  selected  from  Group  II;  two  from  Group  III;  one  from  Group  IV, 
one  from  Group  V,  and  one  from  Group  VI. 

(r)  H  or  C  Courses:  The  candidate  must  complete  the  work  of  two  courses  selected 
from  the  electlves-at-large  in  accordance  with  Section  (3),  below,  of  these  reg- 
ulations."    (See   also   Section    (4-)]. 

''Substitutions  allowed  for  Elcctives-at-large. — The  candidate  who  has  satisfied  the 
requirements  of  Section  1,  {a)  and  (6),  of  these  regulations,  will  he  permitted  to  offer  in 
lieu  of  the  txvo  electives-at-large,  Section  1  (c),  the  work  of  the  ^rst  year  (equal  to 
those  courses)  in  the  Department  of  Law,  or  of  Medicine,  or  any  three  technical  courses 
in  the  Department  of  Engineering. 

"Thus  the  candidate  who  desires  to  obtain  both  the  B.A.  degree  and  a  professional 
degree  may  save  about  one  year  of  the  time  required  for  both  degrees." 

"Regulations  Concerning  the  Cultural  Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science 

"Selection  and  Number  of  Courses. — Unless  admitted  h>  advanced  standing  the  candi- 
date must  select  the  re(|uire(l  thirteen  courses  as  follows: 

(a)  ./  Courses:  The  candidate  must  complete  the  work  of  I'.nglish  Literature  L\, 
and  of  Mathematics   lA. 

(6)  B  Courses:  The  candidate  must  complete  the  work  of  eight  B  Courses,  selected 
from  the  six  groups  given  above  (p.  15$)).  as  follows:  two  B  Courses  must  be 
selected  from  Group  I,  and  neither  of  these  shall  be  a  Course  In  Latin  or 
Greek;  one  B  Course  must  be  selected  from  Group  II;  two  from  Group  III: 
one  from  Group  IV;    one  from  Group  V.  and  one  from  Grouj)  VI. 

(c)  B  or  C  Courses:  The  candidate  nnist  complete  the  work  of  three  courses  selected 
from  the  electives-at-large,  in  accordance  with  section  (3).  below,  of  these  regu- 
lations."    (See    also    Section    (i)|. 

''Substitutions  Allowed  for  Klectives-at-larfre. — The  candidate  who  has  satisfied  the 
requirements  of  Section  1,  («)  and  (fc),  of  these  regulations,  will  be  permitted  to  offer  in 


26  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

lieu  of  the  three  electives-at-large,  Section  1  (c),  the  work  of  the  first  year  in  the  De- 
partment of  Law,  or  of  Medicine,  or  any  three  technical  courses  in  the  Department  of 
Engineering.  Thus  the  candidate  who  desires  to  obtain  both  the  B.S.  degree  and  a  pro- 
fessional degree,  may  save  one  year  of  the  time  required  for  both  degrees." — Record, 
Catalogue  number,  1909-10,  pp.  160-163. 

The  following  letter  was  returned  with  the  foregoing-  extracts : 

University  of  Virginia, 
April  2,  1910. 
President  William  L.  Bryan,  Bloomington,  Ind.: 

My  Dear  President  Bryan — In  reply  to  3^our  letter  of  March  21,  to  President  Al- 
derman, I  beg  to  say  that  the  statement,  which  you  have  prepared,  regarding  our  prac- 
tice in  the  matter  of  counting  certain  professional  work  towards  the  degree  of  A.B.  or  B.S. 
is  correct. 

Of  course,  j^our  statement  is  not  a  full  statement  of  our  requirements  for  the  degree ; 
but  it  covers  correctly  our  regulations  with  regard  to  the  counting  of  professional  work  for 
the  baccalaureate  degree. 

With  high  regard,  I  am, 

Yours  very  truly, 

J.  M.  Page,  Dean. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  WISCONSIN 

^'Election  of  Studies  in  Other  Colleges. — Candidates  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts  are  allowed  to  elect  in  the  College  of  Mechanics  and  Engineering,  the  College  of 
Law,  the  College  of  Agriculture,  the  Course  in  Pharmacy,  the  Course  in  Commerce,  the 
School  of  Music,  the  Course  in  Home  Economics,  or  the  State  Librar}-^  School,  certain 
studies  enumerated  below  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  the  equivalent  of  twenty  unit-hours. 
The  privilege  will  not  be  extended  to  normal  graduates  attempting  to  graduate  in  two 
years,  nor  to  undergraduates  of  other  colleges  who  enter  this  University  with  the  rank  of 
Seniors." 

"The  student  who  enters  the  College  of  Letters  and  Science  with  the  intention  of 
studying  medicine  should  arrange  his  work  according  to  one  of  the  following  plans: 

"i.  Six-Year  Combined  Course.  (Leading  to  the  B.S.  and  M.D.  Degrees.) — If  the 
student  has  had  a  thorough  preparation  in  the  high  school,  he  may  take  work  in  the  Fresh- 
man and  Sophomore  years  which  will  enable  In'm  to  matriculate  in  the  College  of  Medicine 
in  his  Junior  year,  receive  the  B.S.  degree  and  a  certificate  for  two  years  of  medical  studv 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     I'ROKESSIONAL    WOUK  XT 

ut  the  end  of  the  Senior  year,  and  complete  his  medical  course  by  two  years'  further  study 
in  any  medical  school  which  does  not  require  more  than  two  years  of  colk'fro  work  for  en- 
trance. During  the  Freshman  and  Sophomore  years,  such  a  student  will  have  to  confine 
himself  closely  to  the  work  in  Science  and  Lanf^juafje  required  for  matriculation  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Medicine.  The  exact  choice  of  studies  will  depend  somewhat  upon  the  high  school 
trainin<j:  and  the  ability  of  the  student. 

''Tiu'  following  schedule  is  suggested: 

Fbeshuan  Ykau 

Knglish  I.     Three  hours  a  week.     3  units. 
Physics  I.     Lectures,  M.,  Tu.,  W.,  Th.— 13. 

Two  laboratory  periods.     5   units. 

Quiz.     5  units. 
Foreign   Language.     3-5   units. 

Krtnch  or  German,  if  Latin  is  presented  for  entrance. 

I>atin,  if  it  is  not  presented  for  entrance. 
Chemistry    I.     Lectures,   M.,   W.,   F.— 10. 

Laboratory,  Three  two-hour  periods  per  week. 

Quiz.     Tu.— 11.     5  units. 
If  desired.  Biology  1  may  be  taken  instead  of  Physics  1. 

SopiiOMORt:  Year 

Foreign   Language   (French  or  German)   3-i  units. 
Organic  Chemistry.     Lectures,  Tu.,  Th. — 8. 
Laboratory,  Tu.,  Th. — 2-4.     4  units. 

(One  semester  of  this  course  is  required.    It  may  be  taken  for  two  semesters  ).  Bi- 
ologj'  I.     Lectures,  M.,  W.,  3;    laboratory,  8   hours  per  week;    quiz,  5  unit.s. 

If  Biologj'  is  taken  in  the  Freshman  year.  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Embryologj' 
are   recommended   for  the  Sophomore  year. 

"5.  Seven-Year  Combined  Course.  (Leading  to  the  A.B.  and  M.D.  Degrees.) — In 
this  course  the  sttident  matriculates  as  a  first-year  medical  student  during  his  Senior  year  in 
the  College  of  Letters  and  Science;  receives  the  A.B.  degree  upon  graduation  and  takes 
the  second  year  of  the  Medical  Course  as  a  graduate  student.  He  can  then  finish  the  clin- 
ical portion  of  the  Medical  Course  by  two  years'  further  study,  thus  making  the  combined 
art.s  and  medical  course  seven  years.  This  course  is  in  many  ways  preferable  to  the  six- 
year  combined  course,  since  it  pennits  a  greater  freedom  of  election  and  a  broader  course 
of  study.  The  Language  and  Science  work  should  follow  somewhat  the  lines  laid  down  for 
the  Freshman  and  Sophomore  years  in  the  six-year  combined  course,  but  it  can  be  more 
spread  out  and  taken  in  conjunction  with  various  electives  to  suit  the  needs  and  inclina- 
tions of  the  siudvnt:'— Catalogue,  1908-00,  pp.  103,  399. 


^8  EJEPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

YALE  UNIVERSITY 

''Combined  Academical  and  Medical  Course. — In  accordance  with  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  College  and  the  Medical  School,  students  in  the  Academical  Department  are 
allowed  to  pursue  in  the  Medical  School  a  series  of  pre-clinical  or  scientific  courses,  de- 
scribed below,  which  are  in  their  nature  appropriate  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 
If,  in  addition  to  these  theoretical  studies,  they  pursue  during  their  Senior  yea.T  the  Medical 
School  course  in  Pharmacology  and  Toxicology  (which  also  is  open  to  Academical  Seniors, 
though  not  counted  toward  the  degree  of  B.A.),  they  may  thus,  by  taking  a  certain  num- 
ber of  extra  hours,  complete  while  in  College  the  work  of  the  first  two  years  of  the  Medical 
School  curriculum,  and  will  consequently  be  able  to  obtain  both  the  degree  of  B.A.  and 
the  degree  of  M.D.  by  six  years  of  work." 

"The  courses  in  Law  in  Junior  and  Senior  years  are  intended  mainly  for  prospective 
students  of  Law  as  a  profession,  and  deal  with  Elementary,  Constitutional,  and  Interna- 
tional Law,  Contracts,  Torts,  and  Evidence. 

Course  No.  1.  Elementary   Law    Jr.  3  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

Course  No.  3.  American  Constitutional  Law...Sr.  2  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

Course  No.  5.  International  Law   Sr.  2  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

Course  No.  7.  Contracts    Sr.  3  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

Course  No.  9.  Torts    Sr.  2  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

Course  No.  11.  Evidence    Sr.  2  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

Total    14  hrs.  a  wk.  throughout  the  year 

— Bulletin  of  Academical  Department  (Yale  College)  1909-10,  pp.  123,  H6-H7. 

This  is  equal  to  28  semester  hours,  or  42  term  hours. 

The  following  letter  was  received  with  the  above  extracts : 

Yale  University,  ^ 

New  Haven,  Connecticut,  ? 

March  23,  1910.      J 

President  William  L.  Bryan,  Indiana  University,  Bloomington,  Indiana: 

My  Dear  President  Bryan — I  acknowledge,  with  thanks,  the  receipt  of  your  favor 
of  March  twenty-first. 

The  statement  regarding  the  courses  of  Law  in  Junior  and  Senior  years  which  you 
quote  from  our  catalogue  is  a  satisfactory  summary  of  our  present  rules  and  practice. 
That  is  to  say,  there  are  in  fact  a  very  considerable  number  of  men  who,  by  taking  work 
of  this  kind  appropriate  for  the  undergraduate  degree  and  accepted  accordingly,  are  able 
to  save  one  year  of  their  Law  School  course. 


IN     ACADEMU'    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WOBK  29 

The  medical  statement  is  not  et^ually  satisfactory,  and  I  have  called  the  attention  of 
the  College  authorities  to  the  necessity  of  making  some  chanire  in  it.  Theoretically  it  is, 
I  suppose,  possible  for  a  student  of  extraordinary  ability  to  take  extra  hours  enough  to  get 
his  combined  academic  and  medical  course  in  six  years.  Practically  nobody  does  it.  The 
combined  Colleoe  and  Medical  ScIum)!  course  works  out  as  a  seven  year,  and  not  a  six  year 
curriculum. 

Ftiithfully  yours, 

AKi'niiR  HAHLEy,  President. 


SUMMARY 


The  following  table,  derived  from  the  statements  found  above,  gives  a  conspectus  of 
the  main  facts  reourding  the  overlapping  of  the  professional  courses  in  Medicine  and  T.aw 
with  the  college  courses  leading  to  the  degrees  of  A.B.  and  B.S. 

It  nuist  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  sucii  a  tjible  cannot  adequately  represent  all 
the  facts  since  it  is  impossible  in  it  to  indicate  the  various  restrictions  and  safeguards  which 
have  been  thrown  around  these  combined  courses  by  the  institutions  which  offer  such  courses. 
For  these  restrictions  and  safeguards  the  fuller  st-fitements  quoted  above  must  be  consulted, 
and  also,  in  some  cases,  the  explanatory  letters  appended.  EspecialW  important  in  tliis 
connection  are  the  letter  of  Dean  Dodson  of  the  Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago, and  that  of  President  Hadley  of  Yale  University. 


30 


REPORT    ON     COMBINED    COURSES 


Universitiks 


Thk  American  Association. 


J! -a 


vCQ 

>-  o  j; 


z 


Hours  of 
Medicine 

that  may  be 
counted 
on  the 

A.B.  degree. 


Se- 
mester 
hours. 


Term 
hours. 


Hours  of 
Mt'dicine 

that  may  be 
counted 
on  the 

B.S.  degree. 


Se- 
mester 
hours. 


Term 
hours. 


Hours  of 
Law 

that  may  be 
counted 
on  the 

A.B.  degree. 


Se- 
mester 
hours. 


Term 
hours. 


University  of  California 

Catholic  University  of  America. .  .. 

The  University  of  Chicago 

Clark  University       

Columbia  University  

Cornell  University    

Harvard  University 

University  of  Illinois 

Indiana  University 

The  State  University  of  Iowa 

The  Johns  Hopkins  University   

University  of  Kansas  .    .  . 

Leland  Sliinford  Junior  University. 

University  of  Michigan  .      ,.    . . . . 

University  of  Minnesota     

University  of  Missouri      

The  University  of  Nebraska 

University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Princeton  University    

University  of  Virginia 

University  of  Wisconsin 

Yale  University 


6 

T 

7-8 

6 

6i-7 

7 
7-8 
6 
7 
7 
7 
6 
6 
7 


30 


45 


30 


45 


60 


59 
30 


90 


78 
45 


60 
52 


90 
78 


6 

6-7 

6 


60 

43| 

30 


90 

65* 

45 


60 

48 


90 

79 


6 
6 
6-7 
6 
6 
6 


60 
30 
30 
30 
60 
60 
16 


90 
45 
45 

45 
90 
90 

24 


60 
60 


60 
16 


90 
90 


90 
94 


6i 

6 

6 

6i 

6 

6 


20 
30 
60 


30 
45 
90 


30 
60 


45 

90 


30 
10 
30 

30 
30 

17 

24 
20 

15 
30 
24 
12 

22 
24 


20 

20 

28 


45 
15 
45 


45 
45 

25  j 

36 

30 

22^ 

45 

36 

18 

33 

36 


30 
30 
42 


'To  be  reduced  to  45  hours  in  the  case  of  persons  graduating  after  June,  1914. 


WILLIAM  L.  BRYAN, 
HORACE  A.  HOFFMAN, 
ENOCH  G.  HOGATE, 
CARL  H.  EIGENMANN, 
WILLIAM  J.  MOENKHAUS, 
SAMUEL  B.  HARDING, 

Committee. 


Bloomington,  Indiana,  June  10,  1910. 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND     I'KOKESSIONAL    WORK  Jjl 


PART  II 


EXPRESSIONS  OF  OPINION 


Followinor  arc  expressions  of  opinion  concerning  tlie  combined  Arts-professional  course 
and  related  questions.  These  opinions  come  from  about  one  iuindred  men  from  sometliing 
more  than  half  as  man}'  American  collefres  and  universities.  The  views  here  f]fiven  can  not 
be  taken  as  constituting  a  vote.  They  indicate,  however,  the  range  of  opinion  and  argu- 
ment. The  answers  have  been  roughly  classified.  Where  there  are  so  many  shades  of 
opinion,  any  classification  of  the  answers  is  in  danger  of  misrepresenting  the  exact  intent 
of  individual  answers.      Each  must  of  course  be  iudjied  for  itself. 

QUESTION  I 


I.      The  Shortknixg  of  the  Arts-professional  course. 

(a)  Should  professional  courses  in   Law,  Medicine,  Engineering  and  the  like  be 

allowed  to  count  toward  two  degrees — the  Bachelor's  degree  in  the  College 
of  Liberal  Arts  and  a  degree  in  one  of  the  professional  colleges  of  the 
University  ? 

(b)  If  so,  how  much  work  should  be  allowed  to  count  in  this  way.** 

(c)  Assuming  the  adoption  of  tiiis  plan  in  some  fonu,  would  you  approve  the  use 

of  B.S.  or  some  other  Bachelor's  degree  instead  of  A.B.? 

(d)  Remarks. 

I.    OPINIONS   MORE  OR  LESS  STRONGLY   FAVORABLE    TO    THE    COMBINED    COURSE. 

President  IL  P.  Judson,  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  Yes.  (h)  From  one  to  two 
years,      (c)   "^'es. 

President  B.  L  Wheeler,  University  of  California,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  Two  years. 
(c)  Not  important,  hut  B.S.  surely  in  case  of  engineering  students.  (d)  Provided 
always  that  a  high  enough  standard  of  college  entrance  is  maintained,  and  that  two  sound 
and  thorough-going  years  of  study  have  been  exacted  by  the  college. 

President  G.  S.  Hall,  Clark  University,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  One  year,  (c)  W^ould 
prefer  the  Bachelor's  degree,  {d)  I  think  the  professional  courses  in  the  best  schools  are 
too  long.       I  think  this  plan  distinctly  tends  to  increase  tlie  number  of  men  who  go  on 


?>S5  REPORT    ON     COMBINED    COURSES 

to  professional  courses  and  that  it  gives  them  a  much  better  quahfication  for  those  courses. 
As^ain,  if  a  man  had  a  very  strong  bent,  I  would  let  two  years  count  in  this  way,  or  even 
three. 

Secretary  F.  P.  Keppel  (Behalf  Pres.  Butler),  Columbia  University.  Our  pro- 
cedure is  to  credit  to  men  who  have  taken  a  carefully  selected  program  in  Columbia 
College,  the  first  two  years  in  Medicine,  Engineering,  Education  or  Architecture  toward 
the  Bachelor's  degree  and  similarly  the  first  year  in  Law.  This  means  that  the  Arts- 
professional  course  in  any  subject  may  be  completed  in  six  years.  We  offer  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  or  Bachelor  of  Science  for  this  combined  course,  depending  upon  the 
work  offered  for  entrance  by  the  candidate  and  upon  the  collegiate  courses  offered  by  him. 

President  G.  E.  MacLean,  State  University  of  Iowa,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  Prefer- 
ably only  one  year.  A  maximum  of  two  years  with  safeguards,  and  this  only  when  both 
are  four-year  courses,  (c)  B.S.  (d)  Have  little  to  add  to  the  discussion  in  the  ninth 
annual  conference  proceedings  of  the  Association  of  American  Universities,  pages  26-iO, 
and  the  tenth  annual  conference.  In  the  latter  the  weight  of  the  argument  seemed  to  be 
strongly  on  the  side  of  the  combined  courses,  whatever  be  the  name  or  device  in  which  they 
were  accomplished. 

President  D.  S.  Jordan,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  {a)  I  see  no  valid 
objection.  The  early  years  in  all  professional  schools  are  courses  in  general  science,  (b) 
At  Stanford  we  count  one  year;  that  is,  all  professional  courses  begin  in  the  senior  year. 
I  think  this  best  with  Law  and  Medicine,  (c)  I  see  no  reason  for  giving  any  Bachelor's 
degree,  other  than  A.B.  (d)  At  Stanford,  Law  and  Medicine  and  practicall}-  Engineer- 
ing begins  with  the  fourth  or  senior  year.  I  see  not  the  slischtest  real  objection  to  giving 
the  Bachelor's  degree  after  four  years.  The  educational  value  of  the  basal  elements  of  law 
and  of  anatomy  and  other  basal  elements  of  medicine  is  quite  as  great  as  that  of  the  ac- 
cepted elective. 

President  Cyrus  Northrop,  University  of  Minnesota,  (d)  The  University  of 
Minnesota  has  a  six-year  medical  course.  The  first  two  years  are  in  the  College  of 
Science,  Literature  and  Arts,  and  the  studies  to  be  pursued  are  prescribed  with  special 
reference  to  the  medical  course.  The  remaining  four  years  are  in  the  INIedical  College, 
the  first  two  of  which  are  strong  in  sciences.  At  the  end  of  these  two  years  the  student  re- 
ceives the  B.S.  degree,  which  he  has  earned.  He  then  completes  the  remaining  two  years 
of  the  medical  course  and  receives  his  M.D.,  which  he  has  earned.  Two  years  have  counted 
on  both  degrees,  but  the  work  fitted  both  degrees.     The  plan  is  excellent. 

President  A.  R.  Hill,  University  of  Missouri.  (a)  I  see  no  reason  why  the}^ 
should  not  in  cases  where  they  are  regarded  as  academic  in  character  as  well,  (b)  The 
amount  cannot  be  determined  by  rule:  so  mucli  as  would  be  credited  in  tlie  Arts  course  if 


IN    ACADKMIC    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WORK  38 

there  were  no  professional  degree  in  prospect,  (c)  I  think  it  dot's  not  mutter  unless  we 
are  to  attcmot  to  rescue  the  A.B.  degree  for  a  literary  and  historicjil  curriculum  with  only 
general  courses  in  the  sciences.  (</)  Consult  answer  to  (a),  page  63  of  this  report.  If 
the  Sciiool  of  Law  in  any  univei*sity  offers  no  courses  that  the  academic  facnity  regard  na 
sufficiently  fundamental  to  he  made  n  part  of  the  academic  curriculum.  I  sec  no  justifi- 
cation for  a  combined  course  in  Arts  and  Law.  Limiting  the  number  of  hours  to  be  countf^l 
toward  the  A.B.  degree  would  not  improve  matters  much. 

C'h.\nckli,or  S.  Avkry,  University  of  Nebraska.  Replying  t«>  your  tpiestions,  per- 
mit me  to  say  that  I  am  a  firm  believer  in  the  six-yeur  combined  course  for  law,  medi- 
cine, engineering  and  the  like.  I  believe  that  the  Bachelor's  degree  should  be  given  at  the 
end  of  the  fourth  year,  the  professional  degree  after  two  years'  further  study.  It  seems 
to  me  to  make  very  little  difference  whether  the  student  receives  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts  or  Bachelor  of  Science  at  the  end  of  four  years  of  study.  1  do  not  believe  it  possible 
to  acquire  sufficient  training  in  six  years  for  medicine,  for  instance,  unless  the  course  of 
study  is  practically  a  prescribed  course.  In  a  general  way  the  six-year  combined  course 
should  be  of  such  a  character  as  to  give  the  student  an  excellent  technical  and  a  very  fair 
liberal  education.  A  prescribed  course  with  some  slight  freedom  of  election  within  certjiin 
groups  will,  in  my  judgment,  give  the  most  satisfactory  results. 

Dkan  a.  a.  D'Ancona  (Medicine),  University  of  California.  (a)  Yes,  provide<l 
the  combined  courses  require  at  lesust  seven  years,  (b)  The  firirt.  of  four  years  in  tlit 
professional  colleire.  (c)  The  baccalaureate  degree  should  depend  on  the  academic  c(Mirse 
taken — B.S.,  if  tlie  main  subjects  are  the  natural  sciences— A.B. ,  if  the  main  subject'^  .in- 
the  ancient  classics,  etc. 

Dkan  J.  M.  Dodson  (Medicim),  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  No.  But  coutm > 
in  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  the  other  branches  which  comprise  the  first  two  years  of  the 
medical  curriculum  should  be  taught  in  the  L^niversit}',  as  are  other  sciences,  and  should 
count  on  a  bachelor's  degree.  Of  course  they  must  also  count  on  the  medical  degree. 
The  .same  thing  obtains,  tho  to  a  less  extent,  in  law,  etc.  (h)  All  that  is  really  gen 
eral  science  work,  at  present,  in  the  medical  curriculum,  the  equivalent  of  two  years,  (r) 
That  all  de{)ends  on  how  the  degree  of  A.B.  is  regarde<l.  If,  iw  at  Harvard,  the  A.B.  is 
granted  for  almost  any  course  of  study  under,  the  sun,  then  any  scientific  subjects,  if 
taught  in  the  j)roper  way,  on  broad  University  lines,  should  be  allowed  to  count.  If  dis 
tinction  is  made,  as  /it  mast  schools,  the  degree  being  conferred  with  reference  to  the  ((in- 
tent of  curriculum  which  the  student  has  pursued,  as  well  as  standing  for  a  ceiijiin  degree 
of  mental  training,  in  a  word  of  power  developed,  then  the  degr«  i-  conffrrrd  for  .i  coiirsr 
made  up  largely  of  the  sciences,  should  be  the  B.S.  degree. 

W 


34  KEPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

Dean  Frank  Billings  (Medicine),  University-  of  Chicago,  (a)  Yes.  (6)  Two 
years.  (c)  B.S.  with  two  years  of  university  work  and  at  the  end  of  two  years  of 
fundamental  medical  work.  Ph.B.  after  three  jears  of  university  work  and  two  years  of 
fundamental  medical  work,  (d)  The  above  is  the  plan  adopted  by  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago and  Rush  Medical  College  in  Cliicago. 

Dean  W.  M.  Polk  (Medicine),  Cornell  University,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  One  year  in 
professional  course,  tliree  in  Arts,      (c)   I  prefer  B.S. 

Dean  M.  T.  Sudler  (Medicine),  University  of  Kansas,  (a)  Yes.  (h)  In  State 
Institutions  at  least  two  years,  (c)  No.  This  complicates  degrees  and  is  unnecessary. 
The  average  young  man  who  goes  to  school  does  so  with  a  definite  idea  or  plan.  While 
I  believe  in  "Cultural"  studies — ^their  great  value  in  every  way^— tlie  student  entering  the 
Freshman  class  of  the  College  at  17  or  18  years  of  age  should  be  compelled  to  take  more 
of  them  than  the  man  who  is  22  or  over.  This  year  the  University  of  Kansa.s  graduated 
345  students.  Of  this  number  163  took  the  A.B.  degree.  Of  this  163  sixty-nine  were 
men.  Thirteen  of  the  sixty-nine  took  two  years  of  medicine  or  took  their  A.B.  incident- 
ally. I  do  not  know  the  number  of  men  who  took  part  of  their  work  in  engineering  or 
law.  But  certainlv  only  one-third  of  the  class  were  men  who  took  the  regular  A.B.  course 
for  itself  alone.  Many  of  these  took  it  to  prepare  themselves  to  teach.  I  think  this  shows 
the  trend  in  Kansas,  at  least,  and  unless  the  college  gets  a  little  claser  to  the  practical  needs 
of  its  students  it  will  become  largely  a  seminary  for  the  education  of  young  ladies.  I  do 
not  feel  that  the  "college"  is  a  sacred  better  part  of  every  university  that  cannot  be  touched, 
but  I  do  think  a  lot  of  teachers  in  the  so-called  culture  branches  feel  so,  and  that  it  is  the 
part  of  our  modern  universities  most  apt  to  become  out  of  tune  to  the  spirit  of  change,  and 
I  hope,  progress  in  other  lines  of  education. 

Dean  V.  C.  Vaughan  (Medicine),  University  of  Michigan.  Dean  Vaughan  writes 
a  letter  strongly  favoring  the  combined  course.  We  regret  that  it  can  not  be  printed 
in  full. 

Dean  F.  F.  Wesbrook  (Medicine),  University  of  Minnesota.  (a)  Yes.  (b) 
Not  over  two  yeai-s  of  any  professional  course  should  be  allowed  towards  Arts  or  Science 
degrees,  (c)  The  B.S.  degree  for  Medicine  and  the  A.B.  for  Law.  (d)  Not  all  of  the 
so-called  professional  schools  should  have  their  work  recognized  as  counting  tov/ards  an 
Arts  or  Scientific  degree.  Only  such  work  as  deals  with  general  science,  as  for  instance, 
physiology,  physiological  chemistry,  the  various  branches  of  anatomy,  pathology,  bacteri- 
olosry,  etc.,  in  such  amounts  as  arc  considered  adequate  for  the  fovmdation  for  the  M.D. 
degree,  should  count  towards  a  science  degree.  Certain  professional  schools,  e.  g.,  those 
of  pharmacy  and  dentistry,  do  not  have  this  training. 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  i55 

Dean  C.  M.  Jackson  (Medicine),  University  of  Missouri.  (a)  Yes.  (fe)  Ap- 
proximately two  years,  (c)  Tlie  B.S.  may  be  preferred:  but  there  is  no  valid  objection  to 
the  use  of  the  A.B.,  since  the  latter  has  lost  its  oriijinal  siprnificance,  and  is  very  gcncr- 
hIIv  used  for  students  speclalizinf^  in  science  us  well  as  for  those  in  the  classics.  The  mod- 
ern tendency  seems  to  be  toward  the  sinj^le  de<^ree  for  the  c<)l!e<re  part. 

Dean  A.  J.  Smith  (Medicine),  University  of  Pennsylvania.  (a)  Yes.  (6)  All 
work  referable  to  use  of  the  pure  sciences  (anatomy,  physiology,  bacteriology  and  animal 
parasitoloory,  and  pure  patholojj^y — all  referable  to  biology — and  physiolot^ical  chemistry 
US  part  of  chemistrv).  Personally  would  not  hesitate  to  irrniit  minor  credit  for  some  cul- 
tural value  to  the  applied  medical  studies  of  the  third  and  fourth  year,  (c)  B.S.  (d) 
The  University  of  Pennsylvania  combines  the  last  year  of  the  B.S.  course  with  the  first 
year  of  the  medical  course,  acknowledf^ing  thereby  some  cultural  value  to  anatomy  and 
physiological  chemistry.  My  own  suggestion  would  be  to  combine  the  third  and  fourth 
vears  of  B.S.  course  with  first  and  second  of  medical  course. 

Dean  R.  H.  Whitehead  (Medicine),  Univei-sity  of  Virginia.  (a)  Yes.  (6) 
Two  years,  (t  )  See  (d).  {d)  My  answers  have  reference  only  to  the  combined  course 
in  Arts  and  Medicine;  they  reprseent  my  individual  opinion,  and  arc  not  in  accord  with 
the  usage  of  this  University.  It  seems  to  me  immaterial  whether  the  degree  conferred  be 
called  B.S.  or  B.A.  In  view  of  the  fact,  however,  that  there  is  a  strong  prejudice  in  many 
quarters  in  favor  of  reserving  the  B.A.  degree  for  a  course  which  is  somewhat  on  the  lines 
of  the  old  "classical  course,"  it  might  be  better  in  those  universities  to  give  the  B.S.  degree 
for  the  combined  Arts-Medical  course  of  six  years'  duration,  and  the  B.A.  degree  for  a  com- 
hineil  course  extending  through  seven  yeai-s  ;  the  first  year  in  the  Medical  School  being 
accepted  in  lieu  of  the  fourth  year  in  the  college. 

Dkan  C.  U.  Bardeen  (Medicine),  University  of  Wisconsin.  (a)  Yes.  [b)  One 
to  two  years  in  medicine  and  engineering,  one  in  law.  (c)  In  the  combined  course  in 
medicine  and  arts  and  science  I  prefer  tlu-  B.S.  degree  for  the  six-year  combined  course 
and  B.A.  for  the  seven-year  course. 

Dkan  George  Bltmeu  (Medicine),  Yale  University.  {a)  We  take  the  view  in 
this  University  that  they  should.  (/-»)  This  depends  on  the  individual  student.  Not 
more  than  one  year  in  a  student  of  average  ability — nor  more  than  two  years  in  one  of 
ahilitv  a  good  deal  above  the  average,  (c)  This  would  depend  on  local  conditions  and 
traditions.  In  Y.'le  University  scientific  branches  pursued  iji  the  academic  department 
count  for  an  A.B.,  in  tlie  Sheffield  Scientific  School  they  count  for  a  B.S.  If  we  usmimu- 
what  mast  men  now  grant,  that  .scientific  studies  properly  taught  have  a  cultural  value, 
thev  mav  just  as  fairly  lead  to  an  A.B.  as  a  B.S.      {d)    T'rr>J,|.  nt   llndlfv's  critici^.n  on 


36  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

pp.  28-29  of  this  report  is  a  criticism  of  the  statement  regai-ding  combined  courses  from  the 
"Academic"  catalogue.  I  enclose  the  statements  from  the  Medical  School  catalogue  which 
practically  substantiate  his  views.  AVe  feel  here  that  the  two-year  combined  course  is  still 
on  trial,  and  that  we  ma}^  in  time  come  to  a  one-year  combination,  i.  e.,  last  academic  year 
the  first  medical. 

Dean  W.  C.  Robinson  (Law),  Catholic  University  of  America.  (a)  Yes,  un- 
der sufficient  restrictions,  where  the  professional  degree  required  three  or  more  years  of 
study,  (b)  Not  more  than  one  year  of  a  three  years'  coui'se.  (c)  The  degree  of  A.B. 
should  be  given  two  years  before  the  professional  degree  is  given,  (d)  If  the  degree  of 
B.S.  is  given  at  end  of  a  good  scientific  course  of  three  years,  and  the  professional  degree 
is  given  at  end  of  a  medical,  engineering,  etc.,  course  (not  a  law  or  literary  or  nhilosophy 
course),  I  should  approve  of  the  degree  of  B.S.,  to  be  followed  by  the  professional  course. 
But  if  the  professional  degree  is  to  be  a  law,  literary  or  philosophical  degree,  it  should  be 
preceded  by  the  degree  of  A.B. 

Dean  J.  P.  Hall  (Law),  University  of  Chicago.  (a)  Yes.  (b)  One  year  of 
law  and  two  of  medicine  or  engineering,  in  my  opinion,  (c)  That  depends  on  what  a  par- 
ticular institution  wishes  its  A.B.  to  mean.  B.S.  might  be  appropriated  for  a  degree  hav- 
ing as  much  science  as  two  years  of  medical  or  engineering  work,  but  hardly  for  one  year 
of  law.  The  form  of  degree  seems  to  me  unimportant,  (d)  The  length  of  time  required 
properly  to  prepare  a  man  for  a  profession  to-day  makes  this  saving  of  time  important  in 
order  that  he  may  undertake  professional  practice  while  his  mind  is  still  plastic.  There  is 
no  more  reason  why  professional  courses  should  not  be  accepted  for  a  Bachelor's  degree 
than  there  is  against  accepting  advanced  courses  in  Physics,  Chemistry,  Mathematics,  or 
Philology  taken  by  persons  intending  to  teach  these  subjects. 

Dean  G.  W.  Kirchwey  (Law),  Columbia  University.  (a)  The  plan  described 
in  your  question  has  been  in  force  in  Columbia  Univei-sity  for  many  years  and  I  strongl}' 
favor  it.  (b)  That  depends  on  the  professional  course  selected.  I  should  saj'^  that  ordi- 
narily two  years  of  professional  work  would  not  be  too  much  to  allow  towards  the  Bach- 
elor's degree  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  (c)  I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  discriminate 
in  the  case  of  students  taking  law  or  others  of  the  social  sciences.  In  rlie  case  of  medicine 
or  engineering  it  might  be  well  to  recognize  the  more  technical  character  of  the  work  b^' 
awarding  the  degree  of  B.S.  (d)  In  the  foregoing  answers  I  have  regarded  the  questions 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  undergraduate  student.  I  am  more  and  more  inclined  to 
regard  properly  conducted  professional  studies  els  a  desirable  substitute  for  the  more  usual 
academic  studies. 

Dean  Frank  Irvine  (Law),  Cornell  University,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  The  fundamental 
subjects  in  the  professional  courses,      (c)   I  can  see  no  reason  for  using  n  different  degree. 


IN     ACADKMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  87 

Dean  Samukl  Williston  (Law),  Harvard  University.  («)  I  have  no  objection 
to  this.  (6)  Not  more  than  the  work  of  the  senior  year,  (c)  No.  (d)  In  view  of 
the  larf^fe  choice  of  elcctives  offered  to  students  in  ahnost  all  colleges  today,  the  degree  of 
A.B.  no  longer  has  the  narrow  meaning  which  it  once  had.  I  see  no  reason  why  profes- 
sional study  for  a  f«>urtli  of  the  course  should  not  be  regarded  us  a  liberal  study.  I  deem 
it  essential,  liowever,  that  if  the  work  is  to  be  eounted  towards  u  professional  degree,  the 
whole  last  year  in  college  should  be  given  to  professional  work. 

Dean  O.  A.  Harkeb  (Law),  University  of  Illinois,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  One-third  of 
the  law  work.      No  opinion  as  to  medicine,  engineering,      (c)   No. 

Dean  C.  N.  Gregory  (Law),  State  University  of  Iowa.  (/>)  Yes.  Not  to  exceed 
one  year,      (c)   No. 

Dean  W.  M.  Lile  (Law),  University  of  Virginia,  (a)  I  think  .so.  (b)  One  year 
out  of  the  four,      (c)   Yes. 

Dean  H.  W.  Rogers  (Law),  Yale  University.  (A)  I  approve  of  it.  (b)  One  year's 
Hork.      (t)   I  see  no  good  reason  for  it. 

Dean  R.  D.  Salisbury  (Graduate),  University  of  Chicago.  (a)  To  some  ex- 
tent, (b)  About  one  year's  work,  (c)  Not  a  matter  of  great  consequence.  If  various 
bachelor's  degrees  are  given,  it  seems  to  me  they  should  be  S.B.'s,  if  science  work  is  prom- 
inent. Otherwise  some  other  degree.  The  mere  fact  of  counting  some  courses  toward  two 
degrees  should,  it  seems  to  me,  have  no  influence  on  the  bachelor's  degree  given. 

Dean  J.  W.  Burgess  (Graduate  Faculty),  Columbia  University.  (a)  I  think 
they  should.  (b)  At  least  the  full  first  year  of  professional  work,  excepting  what  is 
purely  technical,      (t)   No. 

Dean  C.  E.  Seashore  (Graduate),  State  University  of  Iowa.  (a)  Yes.  (6) 
This  would  vary  with  courses,  but  in  general  one  year  could  be  safely  recommended, 
(c)   B.S.   for  combinations  with  medicine  and  A.B.  for  combinations  with  l;iw. 

Dean  F.  W.  Blackmar  (Graduate),  University  of  Kansas,  (a)  Yes,  with  limi- 
tations. (b^  Six  years  for  Law  and  Arts  degrees;  six  years  for  Medicine  and  Arts  de- 
grees;  six  3-ears  for  Engineering  and  Arts  degrees,      (c)   No. 

Dean  H.  T.  Eddy  (Graduate),  University  of  Minnesota.  (a)  I  think  so.  (6) 
One  year,      (c)    I  a})})rove  of  A.B. 

Director  G.  C.  Comstock  (Graduate),  University  of  Wisconsin.  (a)  Yes.  (6) 
Roughly  one-third,  but  an  exact  numerical   prescription  is  of  doubtful  utility,      (c)    No. 

Dean  C.  H.  Htm.  (Arts  and  Science),  Cornell  University.  (o)  We  permit  the 
counting  towards  our  degree  of  A.B.  of  work  taken  by  stu(lent.s  of  this  college  in  courses 


38  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

in  other  colleges  of  Cornell  University,  under  certain  restrictions.  (6)  Not  more  than 
30  hours'  outside  work  out  of  the  minimum  of  120  hours  which  must  be  satisfied  for  A.B. 
(c)  We  give  the  A.B.  degree  to  all  graduates  of  the  "College  of  Arts  and  Sciences," 
which  is,  in  fact,  all  of  the  University  that  has  not  been  set  aside  in  the  professional  col- 
leges or  the  Graduate  School.  It  includes  general  courses  useful  for  various  colleges,  e.  g., 
the  languages,  mathematics,  etc.,  also  highly  specialized  courses  in  many  fields,  some  of 
them  quite  as  technical,  in  fact,  as  most,  or  perhaps  as  any  of  the  courses  in  law  or  engi- 
neering or  medicine.  We  give  A.B.  to  a  student  whose  classes  have  been  predominantly 
in,  say,  Chemistry,  or  in  Botany,  just  as  if  they  had  been  predominantly  in  Latin  or  in 
History. 

Dean  J.  O.  Reed  (Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts),  University  of  Michigan.  Dean 
Reed  writes  at  length  favoring  the  combined  course.  We  regret  that  his  letter  can  not 
be  printed  in  full. 

Dean  J.  F.  Downey  (Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts),  University  of  Minnesota, 
(a)  Yes.  {h)  One  year,  although  we  allow  two  years  in  the  College  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery  to  supplem.ent  two  ^^ears  of  specific  work  (no  electives)  in  the  College  of  Science, 
Literature  and  the  Arts  for  the  degree  B.S.  (c)  I  would  prefer  that  three  years  be  re- 
quired in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  and  then  after  one  year  in  one  of  the  professional 
courses  the  degree  of  A.B.  be  conferred,  {d)  I  think  the  ideal  wa}-  is  to  complete  a  full 
four  3'ears'  liberal  arts  course,  the  student  selecting  his  electives  somewhat  with  reference 
to  a  contemplated  professional  course  to  be  taken  afterwards,  if  he  happens  to  know  what 
his  profession  is  to  be.  As  it  is  difficult  in  this  country  and  age  to  hold  young  people  as 
long  as  this,  the  combination  courses  came  in  as  the  next  best  thing.  While  many  of  the 
state  universities  now  give  the  B.S.  or  B.A.  degrees  for  two  years  in  liberal  arts  and  two 
years  in  medicine  or  law,  I  hope  to  see  the  time  when  all  the  leading  universities  will  re- 
quire three  years  of  college  work  before  the  beginning  of  professional  work. 

Dean  E.  W.  Davis  (Literature,  Arts  and  Science),  University  of  Nebraska,  (a) 
I  favor  a  combined  course.  (&)  Not  more  than  one  vear — the  fourth  A^ear  in  Arts,  the 
first  in  Law.  (c)  I  see  no  reason  for  a  different  degree,  {d)  The  degree  should  be  A.B. 
or  B.S.,  according  as  the  prevailing  type  of  work  is  humanistic  or  scientific. 

Dean  E.  A.  Birge  (Letters  and  Science),  University  of  Wisconsin,  (a)  Yes.  (b) 
In  general,  20  hours  (see  catalogue  1909-10,  p.  110).  (c)  This  seems  to  me  a  ques- 
tion of  fact.  Degree  should  conform  to  the  course  which  the  student  has  followed,  (d) 
At  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  B.S.  is  a  professional  or  semi-professional  degree,  and  all 
courses  leading  to  it  are  practically  required.  In  this  general  matter  the  faculty  feel  that  a 
working  arransfement  has  been  reached  rather  than  a  pennanent  settlement  of  the  question. 
The  arrangement  for  medical  students  differs  from  that  of  others.      Professors  in  the  Med- 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  89 

ical  School  are  also  professors  in  the  Colle<Te  of  Letters  and  Science,  and  all  of  the  work 
which  they  offer  may  count  toward  the  A.B.  degree.  A  student  may  take  two  years  under 
tlieir  instruction.  If  tins  is  preceded  by  two  years  of  collcfije  work  the  student  will  receive 
the  B.S.  degree.  If  preceded  by  three  years,  including  all  of  the  requircnu-nts  for  the 
A.B.  degree,  the  latter  degree  will  he  granted. 

Dean  F.  S.  Joxks  (College),  Vnle  University,  (a)  A  limited  number  of  courses 
in  the  professional  schools  may  he  countetl  toward  the  degree  in  the  College  of  Liberal 
Arts.  (6)  At  Yale  our  custom  is  to  allow  the  two  degrees  on  the  completion  of  six  years' 
work.  This  means  that  about  one  year  of  the  professional  work  counts  toward  both  de- 
grees, (c)  If  the  professional  work  is  general  rather  than  technical,  Jts  is  the  case  in  our 
course  here  at  Yale,  there  is  no  objection  to  its  counting  toward  the  A.B.  degree,  (d) 
Our  feeling  is  that  a  great  many  young  men  who  desire  to  enter  the  professions  find  it 
very  difficult  to  devote  seven  or  eight  years  to  a  combination  of  college  ajid  professional 
school  work.      It  seems  quite  feasible  to  reduce  the  time  to  six  3'ears. 

Dean  A.  ¥.  Lange  (Graduate),  University  of  California,  (a)  Yes,  for  cultural 
as  well  as  vocational  reasons,  (b)  Not  more  than  one  year,  lest  the  I^ibcral  Arts  School 
become  a  "prep"  school  for  professional  schools,  (c)  I  can  sec  no  valid  reason  for  distin- 
guishing between  a  Bachelor's  degree  for  four  years  of  a  I^iberal  Arts  course  and  a 
Bachelor's  degree  for  three  years  of  such  a  course  plus  the  first  professional  year. 

Professor  Paul  Shorey,  University  of  Chicago,      (a)  Yes,  with  many  restrictions. 

(b)  One  year  at  the  most,  (c)  A.B.  in  case  of  reasonable  amount  of  Greek  and  Latin. 
{(I)  The  Arts  Faculty  should  detennine  what  quasi-profe.ssional  courses  it  will  accept  for 
its  degree  and  the  Professional  School  should  determine  what  credit  it  will  give  these 
courses  for  its  degree. 

Professor    E.    R.    A.    Seligman,    Columbia  Univei-sity.      (a)    Yes.      (/>)    Sei    (</). 

(c)  No.  (d)  As  Columbia  University  wjls  the  first  institution  to  put  the  above  plan 
into  operation,  and  I  was  one  of  those  who  warmly  reconimende<l  the  original  prop- 
osition, I  am  naturally  much  interested  in  the  scheme,  and  think  it  the  only  practical 
solution  of  the  problem  at  the  present  with  us.  At  the  present  time  the  argument  is  still 
strong  in  favor  of  a  three-year  college  and  a  one-year  professional  course;  but  I  am  con- 
vinced that  ultimately,  and  especially  with  the  lengthening  of  the  law  course  to  four  years 
and  the  medicjil  course  to  five  years,  two  years  at  college  will  fonn  the  f)roper  dividing  line. 

Professor  F.  C.  Wood,  Columbia  University,  (a)  At  Columbia  University  we  have 
the  six-year  combined  course  for  the  degrees  of  A.B.  (or  B.S.)  and  M.D.  (b)  Two 
years  or  one  vear,  according  to  whether  the  student  o]crt«-   the  ^^ix   nr  seven-vear  conihinetl 


40  REPORT    ON    COMBINED     COURSES 

course,      (c)   Either.      Candidates  for  admission  to  the  medical  school  must  have  had  two 
years  of  college  work,  including  elementary  Physics,  Chemistry  and  Biology. 

Professor  J.  W.  Jenks,  Cornell  University.  (a)  Yes.  (b)  One  year.  (c)  No. 
(d)  In  my  judgment  something  should  depend  on  the  character  of  the  professional  course. 
In  some  instances  I  should  be  willing  to  allow  more  than  one  year's  work ;    in  others,  not. 

Professor  G.  L.  Burr,  Cornell  University,  {a)  Not  as  a  whole;  but  I  see  no  seri- 
ous objection  to  letting  a  part  of  the  work  for  a  professional  degree  count  thus  doubly. 
(b)  Just  so  much  as  might  well  be  taken  as  an  element  of  general  culture  by  those 
not  preparing  for  the  profession  in  question.  (c)  No.  So  long  as  "A.B."  meant  some- 
thing, and  meant  sometliiiig  else,  I  deprecated  its  extension  to  this;  but  it  has  been  grow- 
ing to  be  the  degree  indicative  of  a  general  culture.  I  wish  there  were  no  degrees;  but, 
wliile  they  exist,  this  seems  to  me  as  good  for  this  purpose  as  any.  (d)  Students  looking 
forward  to  a  profession  are,  if  my  observation  may  be  trusted,  almast  certain  to  antici- 
pate their  professional  work  by  choosing  such  courses  as  the^'  believe  preparatory  to  it. 
If  we  frankly  permit  an  overlapping,  we  learn  what  their  profession  is  to  be  and  can 
restrict  their  specializing  beyond  the  amount  of  this  overlapping.  As  I  believe  a  certain 
amount  of  the  training  for  any  profession  good  general  culture  for  students  not  looking 
forward  to  it,  I  do  not  see  that  the  liberal  course  is  thereby  seriouslj'  threatened. 

Professor  A.  B.  Hart,  Harvard  University.  (a)  I  prefer  a  three-year  A.B. 
Failing  that,  would  consider  the  scheme  of  double  counting,  (b)  Not  over  one  year,  (c) 
Have  a  predilection  for  the  A.B.  (d)  Would  this  mean  either:  (a)  Undergraduates 
studying  in  X  college  shall  be  accepted  also  in  Y  professional  college;  or  (b)  Each  uni- 
versity to  count  the  undergraduate  work  of  its  own  students  only?  The  former  is  the  only 
fair  and  practical  scheme :    this  is  replete  with  difficulties. 

Professor  H.  B.  Ward,  University  of  Illinois,  (a)  Yes.  {b)  All  that  is  ap- 
plicable— see  {d).  (c)  I  hardly  see  any  real  line  to-day  between  the  two  degrees,  (d) 
The  character  of  the  subject  properly  taught  would  detemiine  its  place.  Anatomy,  a 
pure  science,  ought  to  count  for  a  Bachelor's  degree  as  much  as  "Cat  anatomy"  now  al- 
lowed in  many  strictly  liberal  college  courses.  Surgery,  a  derived  and  technical  appli- 
cation of  anatomy,  ought  not  to  count  for  a  general  degree.  So  also  many  other  similar 
cases. 

Professor  F.  W.  Kei^ey,  University  of  Michigan,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  The  combined 
course  should  cover  preferably  seven  years,  certainly  not  less  than  six  years,  (c)  The 
A.B.  degree  should  be  restricted  to  those  who  have  had  classical  training.  I  should  rec- 
ommend B.S.  for  those  whose  training  in  the  sciences  has  been  sufficient  to  warrant  the 
distinction.  ' 


IN     ACADKMIC     AND     FROKK881UN  Al.    WUKK  41 

Dean  L.  C  Monin,  Armour  ln.stitute  of  Technology,      {a)    Yes.      (6)    Three  years. 

(c)  B.S. 

Prksidf.nt  VV.  D.   tlYDi;.   Bowdoin  Collerrc.      (./)     Yes.      (/>)     One  year,      (c)     No. 

(d)  Bowdoin  Colle«^e  allows  tiie  first  yLar  in  Medicine  to  count  also  <is  the  Senior  year 
in  college.  We  have  a  course  which  in  combination  with  the  Mjussachusctts  Injstitutc  of 
Technology  gives  A.B.  and  the  en^^ineering  degree  in  .'■ix  or  seven  years. 

Presidknt  a.  B.  Church,  Buchtel  College,  (a)  Yes,  if  well  guarded  as  to  cor- 
responding grades  of  work  credited,  i.  c,  junior  grade  for  junior  grade,  etc.  (/>)  One 
year,  or  Ji2  term  hours,  (r)  If  A.B.  is  to  stand  strictly  ft)r  the  old  classical  Arts  course, 
then  I  should  prefer  B.S.  or  other  degree.  If  A.B.  stands  for  Bachelor's  degree  in  general, 
then  it  is  innnaterial.  (</)  Buchtel  College  has  allowed  one  full  year  of  Knginecring  course 
to  be  credited  for  Senior  year  in  Liberal  Arts  course,  but  has  required  the  engineering 
work  to  be  of  a  senior  grade  of  study. 

President  C.  W.  Dabnky,  Univei-sity  of  Cincinnati.  (</)  Of  course,  not  wholly. 
(6)  One,  or  possibly  two,  years.  {c)  No.  The  A.B.  degree  means  nowadays  merely 
"bachelor"  or  graduate  of  the  college.  Its  content  is  no  longer  defined.  A.B.  does  not 
stand  any  longer  for  a  classical  course,  but  merely  for  an  undergraduate  course  in  college. 
There  is  no  reason,  therefore,  for  differentiating  the  bachelor  degrees.  If  we  begin  to  do 
this  and  establish  the  degrees  of  A.B.,  where  the  classics  are  studied;  B.S.,  where  the 
course  is  largely  scientific;  Ph.B.,  where  it  is  chiefly  philosophical;  B.Iwtt.,  where  it  is 
chiefly  literary,  etc.,  we  will  have  to  go  on  as  some  colleges  have  alrejidy  done,  and  add 
B.Ed.,  where  education  is  the  chief  subject;  B.Chem.,  where  chemistry  is  the  chief  subject, 
etc.,  etc.,  ad  infinitum.  The  great  departments  will  all  demand  this  recognition,  and  it  be- 
comes senseless.  I  favor  giving  the  old  A.B.  degree  to  all  the  graduates  in  any  college 
course. 

President  E.  B.  Brvan,  Colgate  University,  {a)  Yes.  (6)  One  year,  (c)  I 
think  this  is  immaterial. 

President  J.  II.  Baker,  Univci;sity  of  Colorado,  {a)  Yes — until  the  period  of 
general  education  is  shortened  two  years,  (b)  Two  years,  (c)  No — distinction  between 
A.B.  and  B.S.  all  nonsense  for  arts  college,  (d)  All  this  is  a  temporary  makeshift.  The 
leading  universities  .should  frankly  and  at  once  begin  real  university  work  at  the  end  of  the 
Sophomore  year  and  end  college  work  at  the  age  of  20.  Also,  they  should  encourage  econ- 
omy in  the  elementary  and  secondary  perio<ls.      I  believe  only  cowardice  prevents  this. 

President  F.  J.  McConneli>,  DePauw  University,  {a)  The  general  fundamen- 
tal college  courses  which  underlie  the  professional  courses  might  well  be  accepted  a.s 
credits  by  professional  schools,  (b)  Not  more  than  enough  to  make  one  full  college  year, 
I  should  think.      (c)    What  I  have  in  mind  could  be  met  l)y  adhering  to  the  A.B.  degree. 


4^"^  REPOET    OK    COMBINED    COUllSES 

Remark.  What  I  had  in  mind  is  such  thoroughness  of  teaching  of  Mathematics,  and  Sci- 
ence, and  Language,  Economics,  etc.,  in  tlie  college  grades  that  the  professional  school  will 
willingly  accept  these  courses  as  substitutes  for  whatever  underlj'ing  general  courses  they 
may  offer  in  the  first  year  of  professional  vvork. 

President  R.  L.  Kelt.y,  Earlham  College.  («)  Yes,  work  of  a  theoretical  nature. 
(h)   One  year,      {c)   B.S. 

President  J.  H.  T.  Main,  Grinnell  College.  («)  Yes,  provided  all  admission  re- 
quirements are  met  in  the  regular  way,  and  all  special  and  regular  requirements  in  the 
college  course.  Only  free  electives  to  count  in  such  combination,  (fc)  We  have  allowed 
one  yeax  only  of  professional  school  course  to  count,  and  then  only  in  carefully  selected 
professional  schools,  (c)  Would  depend  on  circumstances — B.S.,  naturally,  in  case  of 
medical  students.  This  would  depend  almost  entirely  upon  usage  of  the  college  in  matter 
of  admission  requirements  and  special  college  requirements  for  the  degrees  named,  {d) 
As  an  independent  college  (that  is,  one  having  no  professional  schools)  we  have  not  been 
favorable  to  a  combined  course.  We  have,  however,  made  arrancrements  in  the  case  of  a  few 
students,  in  accordance  with  above  regulations  vvhere  conditions  seemed  to  justify  it.  We 
shall  in  all  probabilitv  continue  this  practice,  but  shall  give  ray  careful  consideration  to 
every  case. 

President  Isaac  Sharpless,  Haverford  College,  (a)  Not  technical  courses.  Cer- 
tain courses  in  general  science,  etc.,  in  college  might  be  accepted  by  the  professional 
schools  as  part  of  their  requirement  for  a  degree,  (c)  The  A.B.  should  depend  upon 
some  Latin  or  Greek  in  the  college  course.  If  this  were  secured  I  would  give  it  for  all 
courses. 

President  C.  FI.  Rammelkamp,  Illinois  College,  (a)  I  am  inclined  to  say  yes. 
(6)   Not  more  than  one  year,     {c)   I  see  no  objections  to  the  A.B.  in  such  cases. 

President  PI.  S.  Drinker,  Lehigh  University.  (a)  Yes,  provided  the  student 
elects  during  his  Junior  and  Senior  years  in  the  arts  course  enough  subjects  of  the 
professional  courses  to  pass  off  the  Avork  of  a  year  (or  more)  in  those  courses.  Where 
there  are  separate  departmental  faculties  the  first  year  in  the  professional  school  might 
be  accepted  by  the  college  faculty  as  the  equivalent  of  the  Senior  year  in  the  arts  course, 
inasmuch  as  the  studies  of  such  Senior  yenr  are  generally  elective,  and  the  bachelor's  degree 
be  conferred  on  the  successful  completion  of  the  first  year's  work  of  the  professional  school, 
(fc)  Ordinarily,  one  year  in  law  and  medicine,  two  in  engineering,  (t)  No,  the  degree 
should  be  what  it  would  have  been  had  the  student  not  so  anticipated  his  professional  work 
— A.B.,  B.S.,  Ph.B.  id)  If  the  preparatory  school  work  were  so  adiusted  as  to  allow  a 
student  ordinarily  to  enter  collea:e  at  16  years  of  age,  h.e  should  take  the  full  college 
and  professional  courses. 


IX    ACADEMIC    AND     PHOFESSIONAL    WORK  43 

President  W.  O.  Thompson,  Ohio  State  University-  (a)  The  Ohio  State  has  ar- 
ranged an  Arts-Iinw  course  of  six  years.  See  Catalogue,  page  25.  (b)  Sec  Catalogue 
for  our  position,      (r)   The  Ohio  State  uses  the  A.B. 

Dean  J.  J.  Adams  (Law),  Ohio  State  University,  {u)  Ves.  (b)  One  year, 
(c)  No. 

President  \V.  E.  Stone,  Purdue  University.  (a)  I  believe  that  ultimately  the 
professional  and  undergraduate  courses  will  be  separate,  but  at  the  present  evolutionary 
stage  of  the  subject  the  overlapping  of  the  two  .seems  entirely  consistent  and  admissible. 
(6)  One  year  preferablv  rather  than  two.  (c)  I  do  not  think  the  B.S.  degree  should  Ix* 
u.sed  to  meet  a  compromise.  The  B.S.  degree  should  stand  for  courses  essentially  scien- 
tific and  the  B.A.  degree  for  courses  in  Arts  and  Letters.  They  should  be  equivalent  in 
weight  and  express  only  the  distinction  in  the  courses  pursued.  It  would  be  consistent 
to  give  the  B.S.  antecedent  to  courses  in  Medicine  and  the  A.B.  antecedent  to  courses  in 
Law. 

Dean  F.  M.  Erickson  (Acting  President).  Ripon  College,  (a)  Yes.  (6)  About 
one  year,  (c)  Yes.  {d)  On  (b)  about  one  year,  because  I  think,  of  the  work  for  the 
A.B.  degree,  not  more  than  one-quarter  to  one-third  should  be  in  specialized  work. 

President  Henry  Lefavour,  Simmons  College,  (d)  Rather,  I  should  allow  such 
portions  of  the  medical  and  legal  programmes  which  are  not  strictly  technical,  but  are 
scientific,  economic  or  sociological — or  applications  of  the  latter  departments — to  be  counted 
toward  the  Bachelor's  degree,  whether  in  Science  or  Art. 

President  Joseph  Swain,  Swarthniore  College,  (a)  Yes.  (b)  One  year,  (r)  I 
approve  the  A.B.  degree. 

Dean  M.  B.  Thom.\s  (College),  Wabash  College,  (a)  I  favor  the  above.  (6) 
Not  to  exceed  two  years.  I  prefer  but  one.  (c)  I  see  no  reason  for  not  using  A.B.,  if  the 
course  is  in  the  main  prescribed  and  in  its  work  not  too  much  removed  from  what  the  A.B. 
degree  indicates. 

II.     OPINIONS   MORH  OR   LKSS   DECIDEDLY  OPPOSED  TO  THE  COMBINED  COURSE. 

Professor  \V.  G.  Hale,  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  No.  (d)  I  regret  the  rise 
of  the  .system.  In  the  casi>  of  a  son  of  my  own  (and  the  case  has  already  been  real- 
ized) I  should  prefer  to  have  four  years  of  liberal  training  before  professional  work  l>e- 
gins,  rather  than  three.  But,  assuming  the  fliree-year  plan  to  be  adopted,  the  various 
degrees  should  suffer  equally  by  it.  It  would  not  be  fair  to  natural  .science  to  take  the 
degree  of  B.S.  to  indicate  a  lowered  liberal  training  any  more  than  it  was  fair  to  classicAl 
studies  to  give  the  degree  of  A.B.  to  those  w  lio  did  not  take  them. 


44  EEPOHT    OX    COMBINED    COURSES 

Professor  J.  L.  Laughlin,  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  No.  The  professional 
schools  desire  to  get  men  earlier  into  their  courses,  and  so  earlier  into  practice.  If  so, 
let  them  frankly  admit  men  at  the  end  of  the  Junior  year.  Why  sacrifice  the  valu- 
able term  devoted  to  general  discipline  in  order  to  get  quickly  at  work?  (b)  Of  course, 
much  work  now  described  as  professional  training  is  disciplinary ;  but  it  is  a  deception  to 
count  the  same  work  twice,  (c)  No.  Keep  the  full  standard  of  requirement  for  the 
Bachelor's  degree,  and  admit  to  professional  schools  at  end  of  third  year.  That  is  the 
actual  fact  today.  We  owe  a  duty  to  those  who  wish  to  have  the  full  Bachelor's  de- 
gree, who  do  not  care  to  shorten  their  work.  The  aim  of  the  college  should  be  to  give  an 
impulse  to  scholarship  and  character,  and  not  be  made  use  of  to  further  the  commercial 
success  and  numbers  of  the  professional  schools.  The  professional  man  of  today  needs 
more  rather  than  less  general  training  in  Science,  Language,  Literature,  and  the  social 
sciences. 

Harvard  University,      1 

Cambridge,  June  20,  1910.J 
Dear  Mr.  Bryan: 

The  object  of  the  combined  Arts-Professional  course  is  to  shorten  the  period  otherwise 
occupied  by  taking  separately  the  arts  course  and  the  professional  course.  The  time 
saved  must  be  subtracted  from  some  portion  of  the  education.  If  instead  of  a  four  years' 
arts  course  and  a  three  years'  law  course,  making  seven  years,  the  degree  is  obtained  in 
five  years,  obviously  the  two  years  saved  are  taken  from  somewhere.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
surely,  they  are  usually  taken  out  of  the  arts  course,  because  three  years'  professional 
work  is  done  substantially  as  it  would  be  otherwise.  The  question  then  really  comes  to  the 
wisdom  of  giving  a  Bachelor's  degree  to  men  who  have  Imd  only  two  years  of  college 
work,  on  condition  that  they  do  the  work  of  a  professional  school.  Judging  from  the  de- 
mand for  this  sort  of  degree,  I  presume  that  it  meets  a  real  and  widely  extended  need 
in  the  community ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  I  think  there  are  many  men  who  can  afford 
the  time  to  get  a  full  arts  course  in  addition  to  their  professional  course,  and  I  believe 
that  for  those  who  can  afford  it  this  is  worth  while.  Some  universities  will,  I  hope,  con- 
tinue to  give  their  art  degrees  only  on  that  basis. 

It  seems  to  me  not  unimportant  that  the  public  should  be  able  to  know  just  what  a 
degree  means,  and  therefore  it  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be  perhaps  better  if  the  arts  de- 
gree in  these  cases  was  given  in  such  a  way  as  to  indicate  that  it  represents  a  less  degree 
of  college  work  than  if  the  man  had  taken  his  full  four  years  in  college  in  addition  to  his 
professional  work.  That  is,  that  there  should  be  something  to  indicate  Avliether  a  student 
in  Indiana  University,  for  example,  had  taken  his  four  years  of  college  work,  and  then 
his  three  years  of  law,  or  had  taken  merely  five  years  in  the  whole. 

Very  truly  yours, 

President  William  L.  Bryan.  A.  Lawrence  Lowell. 


IN'     ACADEMIC     AND     PEOFESSIONAL    WORK  45 

Dean  11.  A.  Christian  (Midical),  llurv.ird  University.  (<j)  No.  (</)  I  havi' 
always  regarded  a  combined  course  as  a  short  cut  more  injurious  at  present  to  the  col- 
lecje  than  to  the  professional  scIkm)!.  As  a  means  of  raising;  the  standard  of  medical 
education  hv  incrr.'isin<4  {)reliminary  education  it  can  be  justified  as  a  temporarv  •■\pedient. 
However,  once  adopted  it  will  he  ditKcult  to  change:  consequently  I  have  opposed  it.  In 
final  analysis  it  is  to  my  mind  a  two  years'  preparation  for  professional  work,  and  whether 
or  not  a  man  has  an  A.B.  or  S.B.  degree  is  of  no  importance  in  this  connection.  He 
merely  has  two  years'  })reparation  for  Medicine,  wliich.  is  desiraljle.  More  preparation  to 
my  mind  is  preferable. 

Dean  C.  II.  Haskins  ((iraduate),  Harvard  University,  (o)  Strictly  professional 
work  should  not  count,  but  non-technical  fundamental  courses  {e.  g„  bacteriology,  me- 
chanics) ought  to  be  counted  for  the  A.B.  {h)  Limited  amount,  (c)  No.  (d)  I  do 
not  believe  in  double  counting.  The  remedy  is  to  confer  degrees  not  u{)on  the  scoring 
of  courses,  but  upon  a  standard  of  attainment  tested  by  a  thorough  examination  on  trie 
whole  field. 

Professor  F.  VV.  Taussig,  Harvard  University,  {a)  No.  (6)  The  less,  the  bet- 
ter,     (c)   No. 

Professor  T.  N.  Carver,  Harvard  T^niversity.  (n)  No.  (r)  I  think  not,  hut 
would  be  open   to  conviction. 

Dkan  W,  C.  Wilcox  (Arts),  State  University  of  Iowa.  {a)  In  my  judgment 
they  should  not.  (6)  We  count  20  semester  hours  of  Law  and  JiO  of  ]\Iedicine,  but  we 
ought  not  to  count  any.  (c)  I  would  approve  B.S.  for  Medicine  and  Ennfineering  com- 
binations but  A.B.  for  Law  combinations,  {d)  Our  only  excuse  for  maintaining  the  com- 
bined courses  is  that  other  institutions  do  so.  Our  righteousness  chxis  not  exceeil  the  right- 
eousness of  the  Scribes  and  Pharisees.  The  whole  combined  course  is  a  degradation  to  tlie 
work  in  Liberal  Arts  and  a  cheapening  of  the  Liberal  Arts  degit^e. 

Dean  W.  II.  Howell  (Medicine),  Johns  Hopkins  University,  (r)  I  should  pre 
fer  the  single  degree  A.B.  (tf )  My  own  preference  is  that  the  Bachelor's  degree  should  be 
granti'<l  at  the  end  of  a  two  or  thrc>e  years'  coui*se  and  that  the  scientific  or  other  special 
courses  required  as  preparation  for  professional  work  should  be  taken  as  graduate  coui-ses 
for  one  or  two  years.  This  suggestion  would  put  the  language  courses  (modern  lan- 
guages) in  the  courses  leading  to  the  Bachelor's  degree. 

Dean  E.  II.  Griffin  (College  Faculty ),  Johns  Hopkins  TTiu'versity.  (n)  No.  (c) 
No.  {d)  It  does  not  seem  to  me  that  ''professional  courses"  -hould  In-  given  in  the  Col- 
lege of  liberal  Arts. 


46  REPORT    OX     COMBINED    COURSES 

Dean  Olin  Templin  (Arts  and  Sciences),  University  of  Kansas,  (a)  Personally 
I  wish  this  thing  could  be  prevented,  because  I  believe  that  four  years  is  brief  enough 
time  to  devote  to  the  pursuit  of  a  liberal  education.  I  recognize,  however,  the  impossi- 
bility of  avoiding  the  general  adoption  of  some  plan  of  granting  college  credit  for  some 
courses  in  the  professional  schools,  (b)  The  Faculty  of  College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences of  the  University^  of  Kansas  has  recently  modified  its  plan  of  recognizing  Drofessional 
work  by  agreeing  to  accept  15,  20  or  25  hours,  according  to  the  time  required  by  the  vari- 
ous professional  schools  to  earn  their  degrees.  By  this  plan,  at  the  present  time,  15  hours 
are  to  be  accepted  from  the  Schools  of  Engineering,  Education,  and  Law,  and  25  hours  from 
the  School  of  Medicine,  Wlien  certain  contemplated  changes  are  made  in  some  of  these 
professional  schools  the  amount  of  credit  granted  them  will  be  altered.  It  is  understood 
that  in  all  cases  the  college  will  give  credit  for  only  such  courses  in  the  professional  schools 
as  are  least  technical  in  character,  (c)  How  would  it  do  to  add  "In  Law".  "In  Medi- 
cine", etc.,  after  the  degree? 

Dean  L.  A.  Sherman  (Graduate  College),  University  of  Nebraska,  (a)  Our  feel- 
ing is,  that  if  the  student  can  finish  his  undergraduate  studies  at  nineteen  or  twenty,  it 
is  altogether  best  that  he  do  no  professional  work  for  his  first  degree,  (b)  If  the  stu- 
dent is  to  be  kept  from  getting  his  Bachelor's  degree  until  he  is  twenty-four  or  twenty- 
five  years  old,  we  think  he  may  wisely  take  advantage  of  the  six-year  Law  or  six-year  Med- 
ical course.  Nearly  two  years  of  professional  courses  may  thus  be  taken,  (c)  We  con- 
fer the  degree  of  B.S.  on  those  Avho  complete  the  six-year  course  in  Medicine  and  the  de- 
gree of  A.B.  on  such  as  complete  the  six-year  course  in  Law.  (d)  The  governing  reason 
for  the  six-year  courses  in  Law  and  Medicine  is  the  likelihood  that  mature  students  tire 
of  the  disciplinary  subjects,  and  take  them  perfunctorily,  mainly  or  merely  for  credit.  It 
is  believed  that  staled  academic  or  scientific  study  is  not  as  educational  as  such  professional 
work  as  is  permitted  to  count  for  the  first  degree. 

Dean  W.  D.  Lewis  (Law),  University  of  Penns3dvania.  (a)  No.  {b)  Three 
years  is  the  shortest  possible  time  that  a  man  can  be  prepared  for  the  bar.  These  three 
3'ears  should  be  spent  under  the  exclusive  direction  of  the  Law  Faculty  and  in  the  Law 
School.  The  same  number  of  subjects  pertaining  to  Law  taken  in  part  while  the  student 
is  in  the  college  does  not  produce  the  same  educational  effect.  Not  the  ground  covered, 
but  the  exclusive  devotion  to  legal  subjects  for  three  years  is  that  v^'hich  trains  for  the  work 
of  the  profession.  AlloAving  one  subject  to  count  for  two  degrees  belittles  both  degrees, 
and  cheapens  the  whole  University. 

President  Woodrow  Wilson,  Princeton  L^niversity.  (a)  Our  judgment  here  is 
strongly  against  this,      (c)   Certainly  not.      The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 


IN     ACADKMIO     AND     PBUFIC8NIONAL    WORK  4'7 

Deak  a.  F.  West  (Graduuto),  Princeton  Univei-sity.  (a)  No,  because  it  tends  to 
confuse  and  destroy  the  standards  of  liberal  education  and  also  to  defjrade  professional  aiul 
technical  trainin<^.  {d)  In  my  judgment  the  only  sensibli-  way  is  to  keep  liberal  education 
distincl   from  technical  and  professional  and  underlying  it. 

Dean  K.  II.  D.\i{n.;v  (Graduate),  University  of  Virginia.  (a)  1  voted  for  this 
plan  several  years  ago  when  we  adopted  it  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  but  I  did  so  with 
hesitation  and  reluctance,  and  I  have  come  more  aiid  more  to  doubt  the  wisdom  of  the  policy. 
(6)  One  year's  work  as  a  mfij'z"w«7«.  (c)  The  words  "arts",  ".science"  and  "philosophy" 
are  all  very  vague  in  their  meaning.  Any  one  of  them  would  do  to  designate  the  general 
culture  of  a  baccalaureate  degree.  Since  "arts"  is  the  mori'  customary',  I  should  prefer 
that  all  other  baccalaureate  degri.H?s  be  abolished,  (d)  The  counting  of  professional  work 
as  part  of  the  baccalaureate  degree  is  due  partly  to  the  commercial  spirit  of  the  age  and 
partly  to  the  inordinate  desire  of  university  authorities  to  have  larger  numbers  of  students 
on  their  rolls — which  latter  desire  is  one  manifestation  of  the  American  woi-ship  of  business 
anil  quantity  rather  than  of  quality.  When  John  Smith  does  four  years  of  good  academic 
work  and  four  years  of  good  medical  study,  he  rightly  receives  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts  and  Doctor  of  Medicine.  When  John  Jones  does  only  three  years  of  academic  work 
and  four  of  medicine,  the  University  that  gives  him  the  same  two  decrees  does  an  injus- 
tice to  Smith  and  practices  a  deception  upon  the  public.  Yet  this  practice  is  now  .so  wide- 
spread that  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  can  be  done  away  with.  I  should  greatly  like  to  see  it 
abolished    every  where. 

Dean  H.  S.  Richards  (Law),  University  of  Wisconsin.  {«)  Yes,  under  j)resent 
conditions,  (b)  In  law,  at  least  one  year's  work,  (c)  No.  (d)  I  personally  would  be 
opposed  to  allowing  a  student  to  count  the  sauK-  work  towards  two  degrees.  I  should 
be  more  inclined  to  favor  a  plan  by  which  the  period  of  study  for  the  A.B.  degrcx>  was 
reduced  to  three  years.  It  .seems  necessary  under  present  conditions  in  the  western  univer- 
sities, at  least,  to  encourage  prospective  professional  students  to  tjike  .some  university  train- 
ing, to  make  an  arrangement  of  the  character  above  described.  The  A.B.  degree  has  long 
since  lost  any  special  significance  as  describing  the  course  pursued,  and  for  that  reason  I 
should  not  i)f  in  favor  of  substituting  another  degree. 

Professou  G.  B.  Adams,  Yale  University,  {a)  I  think  it  is  highly  undesirable, 
it  it  can  be  avoided,  (h)  The  least  possible  in  given  conditions,  (c)  The  form  of  the 
degree  I  regard  as  indifferent,  (d)  I  think  our  higher  educational  Xystein  would  he 
greatly  improved  by  frankly  recognizing  that  the  trouble  which  creates  these  problems 
has  been  caused  by  advancing  the  standard  of  admission  to  college  too  far,  and  by  clearly 
recognizing  at  the  same  time  the  fact  that  the  college  course  is  distinctly  a  preparatory 
course  in  the  university ;   not  a  course  coordinate  with  the  professional  and  technical  courses. 


48  REPORT    OX     COMBIKED     COURSES 

President  A.  F.  Bruske,  Alma  College,  (a)  No,  because  it  will  be  misunder- 
stood. It  is  saying  that  the  student  has  completed  a  course  in  the  College  of  Liberal 
Arts  and  another  in  the  professional  school.  He  has  not  done  this,  (c)  If  either  is  al- 
lowed, it  should  be  B.S.,  because  the  studies  are  in  the  sciences. 

Deak  Ed  win  Post  (College),  DePauw  University,  (a)  In  my  judgment,  not. 
(c)  Decidedly  so.  (d)  Provided  the  quality  of  work  prepai'atory  to  the  college  could  be 
improved, — I  would  not  have  the  amount  of  time  at  all  increased, — I  should  prefer  a  three 
years'  college  course  to  the  plan  now  in  vogue  of  uniting  the  two  courses.  The  profes- 
sional ideal  is  not  that  of  the  college — or  should  not  be — and  the  anticipation  of  bread- 
and-butter  studies  is  fatal,  I  think,  to  the  proper  development  of  the  ideal  for  which  the 
college  should  stand.  With  conditions  as  they  are,  I  am  opposed  to  shortening  the  four 
years'  course,  except  as  briccht  students*  now  can  do  it  by  demonstrating  the  right  to 
carry  "maximum  work."  If  the  college  is  not  to  be  crushed  between  the  upper  and  the 
nether  millstones,  we  should  do  everything  reasonable  to  conserve  its  spirit  and  increase 
its  solidarity,  while  recognizing  its  necessary  relation  to  the  secondary  school  on  the  one 
hand  and  the  professional  school  on  the  other. 

President  M.  E.  Crowell,  Franklin  College.  (a)  I  believe  it  undesirable  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  as  a  sort  of  transition  plan  to  satisfy  present  demands.  I  believe  even- 
tually the  longer  course  should  prevail,  (b)  Not  more  than  one  year,  (c)  There  is  so 
little  uniformity  in  the  case  of  degrees  among  the  colleges  that  I  can  see  no  special  advan- 
tage in  making  a  distinction  in  this  case  unless  some  general  plan  for  all  degrees  could  be 
agreed  to  by  universities  and  colleges. 

President  W.  A.  Millis,  Hanover  College,  (a)  This  question  may  be  answered 
in  the  affirmative  only  as  a  matter  of  expediency,  and  then  only  when  the  type  of  pro- 
fessional work  counted  twice  is  of  a  broad,  general  character,  (b)  Not  to  exceed  one 
year,  (c)  Certainly  not  the  A.B.  degree.  And  to  use  the  B.S.  degree  is  unfair  to  col- 
leges which  require  full  four  years  of  high  grade  work  for  the  degree,  (d)  I  have  given 
considerable  thought  to  this  problem  recently,  and  have  concluded  that  Dr.  Jordan's  state- 
ment fairly  covers  all  that  can  be  said  favorably  of  the  proposition — namely,  that  it  is  a 
nuisance  which  a  sound  system  of  higher  education  should  get  rid  of  if  possible.  An  ex- 
amination of  the  actual  study  schedules  of  the  majority  of  the  institutions  reporting  shows 
that  the  work  required  for  the  "combined  course"  can  not  qualify  the  student  for  admis- 
sion into  the  fellowship  of  educated  men  and  women.  The  courses  are  narrowly  utili- 
tarian ;  they  do  not  introduce  the  student  to  an  intelligent  view  of  his  civilization.  Look- 
ing at  the  matter  from  a  pedagogical  point  of  view,  no  man  taking  merely  the  courses  pro- 
posed in  the  printed  statement  submitted  by  the  Indiana  University  Committee  to  shov.-  the 

*  A  fair  number  of  this  class  really  complete  the  four  years'  course  in  about  three  years. 


IN     ACADEMIC    AND     jeK0i«liSS10>;  A 1-     SV  OHJv  49 

practice  of  the  several  universities,  has  a  right  to  call  himself  educated.  On  tJie  other 
liand,  something  must  be  conceded  to  the  larger  degree  of  interest  and  zeal  of  the  student 
who  is  working  at  studies  which  he  feels  wijl  get  bread  and  butter  for  him.  My  point  is, 
whatever  degree  is  adopted  for  this  purpose,  it  should  be  distinctly  understood  as  not.  certi- 
fying to  a  "college  education." 

Ha.MILTON    Col.l.KO.E,  ^ 

The  Prksident'b  Rooms,  > 

Clinton,  New  York,  June  18,  1910. J 
Mv  Dear  President  Bryan  : 

Your  list  of  questions  if  answerer!  No  to  tlie  lirst  one  needs  no  further  detail  from  me. 

I  wholly  disbelieve  in  this  composition  of  courses.      The  Bachelor's  degree  (A.B.  only 

if  with  Greek)  should  stand  distinctly  for  a  disciplinary  and  formative  course.     We  make 

it  so.      Whatever  of  any  work,  undergraduate,  after-schools  choose  to  count  is  their  affair. 

We  are  not  offering  any  technical  introduction  to  professional  schools.      It  seems  t« 

me  an  attempt  to  inuicate  college  work  proper.      Intensely  I  am  again.st  it. 

Yours  respectfully, 

M.  W.  Strykkr,  President. 

Librarian  D.  C.  Brown,  Indiana  State  Library,  (a)  No.  (c)  Some  other  bach- 
elor's degree  instead  of  A.B.  {d)  I  siiy  "no"  to  («)  because  I  believe  that  a  general 
education  covering  a  large  field  is  necessary  for  the  student  who  i^  going  to  do  the  best 
work  in  the  professional  schools. 

President  R.  P.  Smith,  Kansas  Weslcyan  University,  (a)  I  think  the  trend  is  in 
the  wrong  direction.  Our  educational  process  is  not  too  long,  particularly  for  the  pro- 
fessions, (b)  If  any  is  permitted,  not  more  than  a  year,  (c)  Such  a  .step  would  de- 
stroy the  essential  feature  of  A.B.,  in  my  judgment. 

President  E.  D.  Warfield,  Lafayette  College,  (a)  No.  {<)  (Vrtainly  not  the 
A.B.  (d)  The  undergraduate  course  should  be  organized  purely  with  a  view  to  the 
eflucation  of  the  man,  not  of  the  practitioner.  Courses  in  the  .sciences,  <•.  g.,  .should  have 
in  mind  the  needs  of  the  general  student  and  should  be  in  pure  science  with  only  so  much 
practice  as  to  make  the  student  a  master  of  scientific  method. 

Dean  R.  M.  IIighes  (Arts),  Miami  University,  {a)  I  tliink  not.  {b)  Certainly 
not  more  than  one-fourth  of  total  work,  (c)  I  would  approve  of  the  A.B.  (d)  As 
Miami  is  not  affiliated  with  any  law  or  medical  school,  we  may  be  prejudiced  against 
such  combined  coursi-^.  It  seems  to  us  that  at  least  one-fourth  <)f  the  value  of  a  college 
course  is  through  the  associations  with  one's  fellow  students.  These  juisociations  become 
most  active  and  most  valuable  in  the  senior  year  and  there  must  bo  a  large  loss  in  leaving 
one's  undergraduate  college  for  a  profcssionalschool.it  th.  eloM- of  th«    rinior  year.      The 

(«1 


50  REPORT    ON     COMBINED    COURSES 

requests  for  a  degree  vary  so  greatly  over  the  country  that  it  seems  wiser  to  have  one  de- 
gree for  the  college  course  and  endeavor  to  maintain  as  hisrh  a  requirement  for  it  as  possible. 

President  G.  P.  Benton,  Miami  University.      («)   No. 

President  John  Cavanaugh,  University  of  Notre  Dame.  (a)  No.  (c)  Cer- 
tainly not  A.B.  If  the  thing  must  be  done  use  B.S.  for  the  men  who  take  Medicine 
and  Engineering,  i  have  no  suggestion  about  the  Law  men.  (d)  If  a  college  degree 
means  anything,  it  stands  for  certain  specific  processes  of  culture  through  which  the  stu- 
dent has  passed.  I  am  unalterably  opposed  to  making  any  change  in  the  old  significance 
of  the  degree  of  A.B.  Professional  or  technical  training  should  have  no  relation  to  it  what- 
ever. If  you  give  such  a  degree  for  two  years  of  the  Arts  course,  plus  two  years  of  any 
professional  course,  you  are  making  sport  of  the  degree  and  its  tradition,  and  you  are 
putting  a  false  label  on  a  product  of  the  college.  It  is  as  bad  as  food  adulteration.  No 
anxiety  about  the  extent  of  entrance  requirements  into  the  Professional  Schools  of  the 
future  ought  to  have  weight  in  this  matter.  Let  the  question  of  entrance  requirements 
take  care  of  itself. 

President  Herbert  Welch,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  (a)  We  of  the  colleges 
would  not  choose  the  plan  as  ideal,  but  it  seems  to  be  a  practical  necessity,  (b)  One, 
or  at  most  (and  reluctantly)  two  years,      (c)   B.S.  in  Medicine  and  Engineering. 

Dean  J.  V.  Denny  (Arts),  Ohio  State  University,  (a)  Theoretically,  No.  Prac- 
tically we  are  all  driven  to  it  since  reputable  institutions  have  authorized  it.  (b)  One 
year.  At  O.  S.  U.  we  have  tried  two-thirds  of  one  year.  The  result  is  that  students 
are  overloaded  by  the  discounting  of  their  law  work,  (c)  I  consider  the  degree  of  no 
importance.      Both  B.S.  and  A.B.  have  lost  distinctive  meaning. 

President  E.  G.  Lancaster,  Olivet  College,  (a)  No.  (c)  No.  (d)  Straight  full 
four  years  is  little  enough. 

President  F.  W.  Hamilton,  Tufts  College,  (a)  No.  (d)  The  practice  of  al- 
lowing the  same  courses  to  be  counted  twice  is  common  and  is  the  practice  at  Tufts,  but 
I  do  not  regard  it  as  honest.  The  whole  question  of  professional  education  is  difficult  and 
complicated,  but  I  fail  to  see  how  we  gain  anything  except  experience  in  chicanery  by  giv- 
ing a  man  A.B.  and  M.D.,  e.  g.,  in  six  years,  when  either  course  alone  takes  four.  If  the 
man  can  not,  or  should  not  be  kept  for  eight  years,  we  should  be  honest  and  shorten  our 
courses. 

President  Horace  Ellis,  Vincennes  University,  (a)  At  heart,  I  feel  that  the 
lost  prestige  of  the  arts  degree  should  be  restored.  This,  under  present  conditions,  seems 
an  utter  impossibility,  since  to  accomplish  such  a  Step  would  mean  unanimous  cooperation  of 


IX     ACADEMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  51 

all  our  great  universities.  This  being  out  of  the  question,  niv  answer  to  the  above  ques- 
tion is  "Yes."  (b)  Since  tlu-  trend,  today,  in  most  of  our  universities  (I  do  not  pretend 
to  say  whetlier  riirjitly  or  wrongly  so)  seems  away  from  culture  and  character  and  toward 
utility  and  prompt  service,  I  believe  two  years  the  limit ;  though  my  answer  is  given  with 
the  thought  that  training  today  is  taken  in  our  colleges  and  universities  with  the  hope  of 
coping  successfullv  with  present  conditions  in  the  world  of  affairs,  rather  than  with  the 
liope  of  creating  new   and  better  ccmditions.      (r)   Yes. 

Chancellor  D.  F.  Houston,  Washington  University,  {a)  No.  (c)  No.  (d) 
i  fun  opposed  to  counting  the  same  work  for  two  degrees.  Gcxxl,  well-prepared  students 
can  finish  the  two  courses  in  a  sufficiently  short  time.  If  they  can  not,  let  them  take  as 
much  college  work  Jis  they  can  or  jus  may  be  required  for  its  own  sake. 

III.     PRESIDENT    HADLEY    REPLIES    TO    THE    QUESTION    .\S    FOLLOWS: 

President  A.  T.  Hadley,  Yale  University,  (a)  This  seems  to  me  a  question  for 
each  university  to  decide  for  itself,  (b)  Ditto,  (c)  Ditto,  (d)  With  the  diversity  of 
requirements  for  the  Bachelor's  degree  there  are  two  conflicting  tendencies.  One  which 
on  the  whole  prevails,  is  to  bring  the  practice  of  different  institutions  into  greater  har- 
mony, in  order  that  we  may  know  what  a  man  has  done  when  he  has  the  letters  A.B.  or  B.S. 
after  his  name.  The  fallacy  of  this  method  is  that  we  never  know  what  he  has  done  or 
can  do,  because  quality  of  work  and  requirement  counts  for  so  much  more  than  quantity. 
I  therefore  believe  that  the  best  thing  to  do  is  to  let  different  institutions  go  their  own  way, 
in  order  that  the  public  may  understand  that  the  Bachelor's  degree  means  little  or  noth- 
ing unless  you  know  the  work  of  the  institution  from  which  it  comes. 


QUESTION  II 


n.      Character  of  the  Collegiate  Work  in  the  combined  Ai*ts-professional  course. 

(a)      Should  the  collegiate  (pre-professional)  work  of  those  who  take  a  combined 

Arts-professional  course  be  prescribed  so  as  to  require  specific  preparation 

for  the  professional  work   wiiich  is  to  follow? 
(h)      Or  should  the  collegiate  work  of  such  students  be  prescribed  so  Jis  to  present 

such  preparatory  j)rofessional  work  in  college  in  the  interest  of  general 

training.'' 
(r)      Remarks. 


52  UEPORT    ON     COMBINED    COURSES 

I.  OPINIONS  FROM  PERSONS  FAVORING  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  WHO  ALSO  FAVOR 
THE  PRESCRIPTION  OF  COLLEGIATE  (PRE-PROFESSIONAL)  WORK  PROVID- 
ING SPECIFIC  PREPARATION  FOR  THE  PROFESSIONAL  WORK  TO  FOLLOW. 

Dean  A.  A.  D'Ancona  (Medicine),  Universit}'  of  California,  (a)  Only  in  so  far 
as  there  are  real  prerequisites- — e.  g..  Physics,  Chemistr}^  and  Zoology  for  students  pre- 
paring for  Medicine.  (6)  No,  (c)  It  seems  to  me  that  with  good  secondary  school 
preparation  a  student  planning  to  study  Law  or  Medicine  can  in  a  three  years'  academic 
course  get  an  excellent  general  training  and  complete  all  the  real  prerequisites.  We  are  too 
apt  to  make  prerequisites  depend  on  pedantry  and  the  convenience  of  the  college  program 
of  studies. 

Dean  W.  C.  Robinson  (Law),  Catholic  University  of  America,  (a)  Yes,  in  all 
cases,  (fc)  Not  entirely,  but  enough  to  make  the  collegiate  course  truly  preparatory  to 
the  intended  professional  courses,  (c)  I  believe  that  in  the  present  educational  demands 
the  prospective  professional  student  ought  to  begin  his  preparation  for  professional  study 
at  the  commencement  of  his  sophomore  collegiate  year.  Up  to  this  point  education  maj' 
be  uniform  for  all,  and  should  include  a  classical,  mathematical,  literary,  historical,  etc., 
training.  At  this  point  college  curricula  should  diverge  in  some  degree,  and  the  student 
should  devote  himself  to  those  branches  which  are  really  preparatory  for  his  future  pro- 
fessional study,  with  an  increasing  proportion  to  the  end  of  his  Junior  year.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  his  Senior  year  he  should  make  his  elementary  professional  studies  at  least  one- 
half  of  his  required  work,  devoting  the  other  half  to  culture  studies  in  allied  subjects. 
These  finished  at  the  end  of  his  Senior  year,  he  should  receive  his  Bachelor's  degree  in  Sci- 
ence or  in  Arts  according  as  liis  work  has  been  scientific  on  one  hand,  or  literary  on  the 
other.  With  two  years  more  of  specific  work  of  a  strictly  professional  character  he  may 
expect  a  professional  degree.  This  course  secures  for  every  degree  man  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, and  at  the  same  time  a  thorough  education  in  his  chosen  profession. 

Dean  Frank  Bit^lings  (Medicine),  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  Yes.  {h)  No. 
(c)  For  the  pre-professional  university  work  I  believe  that  the  students  should  be  well 
grounded  in  Chemistry,  both  inorganic  and  organic ;  in  Physics ;  in  Bioloficy?  including 
some  Bacteriology  and  Botany  ;  in  French  and  German,  at  least  a  good  reading  knowledge; 
thoroughlj'  grounded  in  English  literature  and,  if  possible,  some  Philosophy. 

Dean  J.  M.  Dodson  (Medicine),  University  of  Chicago,  (c)  A  certain  amount 
of  specified  work  in  Physics,  Chemistry,  Biology  and  Language  should  be  taken,  and  is 
usually  specified  as  being  required.  I  doubt  if  the  requirement  is  necessary,  for  the  stu- 
dent under  proper  advice, — indeed  voluntarily  if  not  improperly  advised, — would  select  these 
subjects  anyway.  The  requirement  in  these  lines  ought  not,  however,  to  be  excessive.  I 
should  say  that  in  the  aggregate  they  ought  not  to  comprise  more  than  one-third  of  his  col- 
lege course.      For  the  rest,  the  course  should  comprise  the  brandies  of  general  learning — 


IN     ACADKMK'     AND     I'aOKKSSlON A  L    WOKK  53 

English,  Mathematics,  History,  Economics,  Foreign  Lan^uaijcs,  Logic,  Psychology?  Soci- 
ology, etc., — which  have  heretofore  constituted  the  college  curriculum,  hut  under  an  elective 
or  group  system  large  latitude  of  ciioice  should  he  allowed  for  adjustment  to  the  individual 
student. 

President  G.  S.  Hall,  Clark  University.  (a)  Perhaps  not  required,  hut  very 
strongly  urged  unless  there  are  gotnl  reasons  for  individual  exceptions.  (6)  I  have  less 
and  less  helief  in  general  training.  (<)  The  field  of  knowledge  is  so  vast  and  the  distance 
from  e.  g.  freshman  ignorance  on  to  professional  proHcicncy  is  so  great,  that  I  helieve  it  is 
liigh  time  to  drop  our  theory  of  general  training  so  far  as  it  tends  to  acquiring  knowledge 
and  skill  that  is  sure  to  he  abandoned  a  little  later. 

Dkan  G.  W.  Kirch wey  (Law),  Columbia  Universit\'.  {a)  I  should  think  this  de- 
sirable to  some  extent ;  not,  however,  to  the  extent  of  substituting  a  one-sided,  semi-pro- 
fessional training  for  general  training.  (/;)  My  answer  to  question  I,  page  36  of  this  re- 
}>ort,  covers  this  also.  Specifically  the  answer  must  depend  somewhat  on  the  nature  of  the 
professional  course  for  which  the  student  is  destined,  (c)  Referring  to  my  last  answer 
I  would  say  further  that  the  special  preparation  which  the  study  of  law  calls  for  is  very 
slight.      All  humane  and  liberal  study  prepares  for  an  appreciation  of  law. 

Professor  F.  C.  Wood,  Columbia  University,  {o)  Yes.  We  require  preparation 
in  elementary  Physics,  Chemistry  and  Biology. 

Dean  O.  A.  Harker   (Law),  LTniversity  of  Illinois,      {a)   Yes.      {h)   No. 

Professor  H.  B.  Ward,  University  of  Illinois.  (a)  Yes,  with  breadth  and  mod- 
eration, (r)  I  could  never  see  the  justice  in  advising  the  teacher,  preacher  Jind  law- 
yer to  take  definite  subjects  because  they  laid  foundations  for  later  work,  and  then  to  say 
to  the  embryo  physician,  take  the  same  subjects  because  they  do  not  follow  the  line  you  take 
up  later,  and  you  ought  to  be  broad.  There  is  as  much  general  training  in  anatomy,  prop- 
erly taught,  ixs  in  philology.  Our  minds  naturally  object  to  the  anatomy  of  the  past  in  the 
United  States  because  its  utter  worthlessness  was  apparent  to  every  school  teacher.  But 
this  is  H  criticism  of  conditions  and  not  of  the  subject  per  sc.  (I  am  not  a  teacher  of 
Anatomy !) 

President  G.  E.  MacLean,  State  l^niversity  of  Iowa,  (a)  Yes,  with  safeguards, 
(t)  The  present  reaction  against  free  electives  makes  the  prescription  of  courses,  if  they 
are  distributed  in  the  major  fields  of  knowledge,  harmonious  with  what  would  be  retjuired 
for  those  taking  the  full  four  years  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts. 

Dean  F.  F.  Wksbrook  (.Medicine),  University  of  Minnesota.  («)  Yes.  (c)  It 
is  essential  that  a  standjird  of  premedical  preparation  be  secured  in  order  to  pn-vent  the 
inequalitic>  and  present  absurdities  which  interfere  with  the  satisfactory  progress  of  med- 


54  REPOHT    ON     COMBINED     COURSES 

ical  students  in  their  first  two  years.  The  burden  of  weeding  out  the  unfit  should  not  be 
borne  entirely  by  the  medical  colleges.  It  is,  hoyvever,  important  to  encourage  a  broad 
training,  and  in  order  to  meet  this  end  in  this  College  we  require  for  entrance,  two  years 
of  Chemistry,  one  year  of  Physics,  one  year  of  Language  (German  or  French),  and  one 
year  of  either  Animal  Biology  or  Botany,  even  of  those  students  who  present  the  Arts  de- 
gree for  entrance.  We  encourage  our  students  to  take  the  combined  seven-year  course, 
whereby  they  are  given  the  degree  of  B.A.  at  the  end  of  their  freshman  year  in  Medicine. 

Dean  H.  T.  Eddy  (Graduate),  University  of  Minnesota,  (a)  I  think  it  should 
be  largely  prescribed  in  such  a  way  as  to  include  a  large  basis  for  the  professional  work 
to  follow  and  also  to  give  general  training  in  directions  that  are  regarded  as  important  to 
the  profession.  ( fe )  I  am  a  believer  in  prescribed  course  when  once  the  end  to  be  attained 
has  been  selected.  It  would  seem  best  to  make  the  prescribed  work  of  the  three  years  have 
a  strong  tendenc}'  toward  the  end  selected. 

President  D.  S.  Jordan,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  (a)  Prescribed,  with 
a  certain  freedom  for  approved  electives.  (b)  No.  You  cannot  make  a  physician  of  a 
man  who  has  never  done  scientific  work  before  taking  his  A.B.  degree.  The  degree  to 
which  broadening  (often  "shallowing")  subjects  should  be  taken  depends  on  the  use  the 
man  can  make  of  them.  Law  is  somewhat  different,  as  the  humanities  best  lead  up  to  it. 
But  physicians  and  engineers  must  get  to  work  early  if  the}^  ever  acquire  technique. 

Dean  W.  M.  Lile  (Law),  University  of  Virginia,  (a)  This  would  be  better,  but 
I  should  leave  the  decision  of  this  to  the  student  himself. 

Dean  R.  H.  Whitehead  (Medicine),  University  of  Virginia,  (a)  In  part,  (b) 
No.  (c)  At  least  one  year's  work  in  Chemistry,  Physics,  Biology  (or  Zoology),  and 
German  (or  French)  should  be  prescribed;  the  remainder  of  the  student's  course  may  be 
filled  out  according  to  the  usage  of  the  university  concerned. 

Dean  C.  R.  Bardeen  (Medicine),  University  of  Wisconsin.  (a)  For  Medicine 
it  is  essential  that  the  pre-professional  work  include  courses  in  Physics,  Chemistry,  Biology, 
English,  and  at  least  one  foreign  language  (modern).      (6)   To  a  limited  extent,  if  at  all. 

Dean  George  Blumer  (Medicine),  Yale  University.  (a)  It  must  do  so  as  far 
as  Medicine  is  concerned,  or  the  student  is  not  properly  trained  to  understand  the  med- 
ical studies  proper,  (b)  If  this  was  done  it  would  mean  that  men  aiming  to  study  Medi- 
cine would,  after  acquiring  an  A.B.,  have  to  take  two  years  in  special  work  before  enter- 
ing on  the  four-year  medical  course,  which  is  quite  likely  to  be  extended  to  five  years  in 
the  near  future.  The  course  in  Medicine  is  very  crowded.  Wc  demand  in  most  medical 
schools  about  1,000  hours  of  study  each  school  year,  and  this  exclusive  of  time  for  pre- 


IN    ACADEMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL     WOUK  55 

parino-  recitations,  studvinj^  cases,  tloin<i;  collateral  rcadin_<^,  etc.  The  demand  on  the  stu- 
dent must  l)e  very  ^reat.  I  often  wonder  wliat  Hie  condition  of  mind  of  many  medical 
students  nuist  he  after  ^oinf^  through  with  the  average  day's  schedule.  When  do  they 
find  time  to  think?  Do  they  finil  time  at  all?  This  means  that  every  tiling  except  strictly 
medical  subjects  must  be  pushed  back  into  the  prcmedical  years,  t.  e.,  Chemistr\'  (except 
physiological  Chemistry),  Physics  and  Biology  must.  1k'  learned  before  the  student  enters 
the  Medical  School — therefore  we  must  have  combined  courses,  or  else  have  special  courses, 
with  perhaps  a  special  degree,  preliminary  to  Mcdicin*-  and  perhaps  to  Law,  too,  if  the 
conditions  in  that  subject  are  similar. 

Dean  F.  S.  Jonks  (College),  Yale  University.  (a)  Yes;  to  a  hmited  extent. 
(/>)  Preparatory  and  professional  work  should  be  of  such  value  as  to  justify  its  being  ac- 
cef)table  in  a  culture  course,  (c)  Such  studies  as  Biology,  Chemistry,  elementary  and  in- 
ternational Law,  and  the  like,  are  preparatory  to  professional  work.  They  are  equally 
valuable  for  a  general  culture  course.  The  interest  in  concrete  things  is  an  imporbint  fac- 
tor in  the  solution  of  this  problem  of  combination  courses.  My  own  feeling  is  that  much 
liberal  training  can  be  secured  by  a  by-product  of  a  professional  course. 

Dkan  L.  C.  Monin,  Annour  Institute  of  Technology.  (a)  Yes,  to  a  certain  de- 
gree. (?))  Mere  general  training  without  at  least  a  minimum  of  professional  outlook  is 
apt  to  develop  flabby  minds  and  drifting  ambition. 

President  C.  W.  Dabney,  University  of  Cincinnati,  (a)  Yes,  in  a  large  part  by 
a  grouf)  system,  which  will  prepare  rationally  for  the  professional  course  to  follow.  ( /> ) 
Yes;  but  a  due  amount  of  liberal  training  should  be  included,  (c)  This  University  off<rs, 
for  example,  a  Premedical  course  (see  page  88  of  the  catalogue)  made  up  of  literary 
studies  and  the  sciences  which  are  needed  as  the  foundation  for  medicine.  We  believe  in 
a  liberal  education  as  the  best  foundation  for  professional  courses,  but  every  lilx-ral  edu- 
cation should  include  seientific  studies  as  well  as  classical.  If  a  student  is  to  take  sciences, 
why  not  take  Biology,  Chemistry  and  Physics,  if  he  is  going  to  take  Medicine,  instead  of 
taking  Astronomy,  Botany  and  Geology.  The  classical  course  is  not  the  only  course  giving 
a  liberal  education;  the  proj)cr  study  of  the  sciences  will  also  give  it.  Our  aim  is  to  get 
the  students  to  spend  as  long  a  time  in  their  college  course  ils  feasible,  so  that  they  may  get 
as  nuicli  liberal  training  as  possible.  So  far,  we  are  trying  to  make  them  devote  three  full 
years  at  least  to  this  course,  and  only  let  them  count  one  year's  work  of  the  professional 
course  towards  an  A.B.  degree.  We  do  not  criticise  those  who  allow  two  years  of  the  pro- 
fessional course  to  count  anth  may  have  to  come  to  that  ourselves,  but  we  will  not  do  it  as 
long  as  we  can  get  students  to  spend  three  full  years  in  college  studies,  as  at  present. 

President  C.  H.  Ra.mmelkami-,  Illinois  College.  («)  I  believe  it  would  be  well  t-o 
make  such  a  requirement. 


56  EEPORT    ON     COMBINED    COUBSES 

President  H.  S.  Drinker,  Lehigh  University,      (a)   Yes.      (b)   No. 

President  W.  O.  Thompson,  Ohio  State  University.  (a)  That  is  done  at  Ohio 
State. 

President  Henry  Lefavour,  Simmons  College,  (a)  Yes.  (c)  There  must  natu- 
rally be  a  limitation  on  the  encroachment  of  the  professional  work  on  the  general  academic 
training,  but  the  middle  year  of  the  whole  course — the  fourth — may  well  be  debatable 
ground.      Perhaps  even  the  third  year. 

II.  OPINIONS  FROM  PERSONS  OPPOSED  TO  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  WHO  APPROVE 
MORE  OR  LESS  PRESCRIPTION  OF  COLLEGIATE  WORK  TO  MAKE  IT  PREPAR- 
ATORY FOR  PROFESSIONAL  WORK. 

Dean  C.  H.  Haskins  (Graduate),  Harvard  Univei-sity.  (a)  Not  in  law.  To  some 
extent,  probably,  in  medicine  and  engineering,      (b)   No. 

Professor  T.  N.  Carver,  Harvard  University.  (a)  Not  as  preparation  for  the 
study  of  law  or  theology,  but  students  preparing  for  a  medical  course  should  be  re- 
quired to  take  certain  scientific  courses,  likewise  those  preparing  for  engineering,      (b) 

No. 

Dean  H.  A.  Christian  (Medical),  Harvard  University,  (a)  Yes.  (c)  This  is 
one  of  the  difficulties  in  the  situation.  The  medical  student  should  have  had  prelimi- 
nary training  in  Chemistry,  Biology  and  Physics.  Without  these  his  medical  work  is 
hampered.  If  in  the  combined  course  he  has  these,  there  is  very  little  time  left  for  courses 
giving  general  training.  On  the  other  hand,  if  a  man  takes  an  ordinary  college  course 
leading  to  the  A.B.  or  S.B.,  it  is  possible  for  him  to  take  the  necessary  preliminary  science 
courses  and  have  left  sufficient  time  for  numerous  courses  givinsi:  general  training.  The 
medical  student  should  have  the  general  preliminary  training,  but  jf  he  cannot  dispense 
with  the  specific  premedical  courses  and  there  is  not  time  in  the  combined  coui-se  for  both, 
he  must  be  greatly  the  loser  whichever  plan  is  adopted  for  the  first  tM^o  years  of  the  com- 
bined course. 

President  A.  F.  Bruske,  Alma  College,      (a)   It  may  be  well  to  do  that,      (b)   No. 

President  John  Cavanaugh,  University  of  Notre  Dame.  (a)  Since  a  degree  is 
merely  a  label,  the  pre-professional  work  ought  to  harmonize  with  the  work  of  the  pro- 
fessional schools,  (c)  If  I  get  the  degree  of  B.S.  for  two  years  of  Science  work,  plus 
the  first  two  years  of  a  Medical  course,  and  if  I  afterwards  get  an  M.D.  for  two  more 
years  of  Medical  work,  I  am  sailing  under  false  colors.  I  virtually  tell  the  public  that  I 
h.ave  done  four  years  of  college  work,  plus  four  years  of  professional  school  work,  which  is 
not  true. 


IN    ACADEMIC     AN'l)     IMtOKESSIONA  I.     WOIIK  67 

President  Horace  Eli. is,  ^'iIR■olmcs  University,  {a)  Dp  to  the  liiuil  of  oiic-tliird 
of  his  time,  or  less,  yes.  (h)  No,  wlien  to  do  so  would  nfFoct  his  work  during  two-thirds 
or  slifjhtlv  more  of  tlu-  workiiin;  hours. 

III.  OPIXIONS  FROM  PKRSONS  WHO  FAVOR  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  BLJT  WHO  ARE 
DISPOSED  TO  MAKE  THE  COLLEC;iATE  (PRE-PROFESSIONAL)  WORK  PRE- 
VAILINGLY   OR    EXCLUSIVELY    GENERAL    IN   CHARACTER. 

Dean  A.  F.  Langk  ((Jnuhiute),  University  of  California.  («)  Not  at  all  neces- 
sary for  Law.  In  Metiicine  and  Engineering  certain  courses  may  well  ho  prcscril)ed,  pro- 
vided the  total  of  such  prescriptions  does  not  exceed  one-third  of  the  work  of  the  fii"st  three 
college  yeai-s.  (/;)  General  training  sliould  be  so  .safeguarded  as  to  guarantee  to  all  stu- 
dents two  full  years  of  strictly  non-professional  v.ork.  (r)  The  University  of  Calif omia 
plan  to  be  in  full  operation  by  1912 — except,  perhaps  as  to  Engineering — is:  («)  Two 
years  of  general  college  training  as  a  sine  qua  non  of  admission  to  any  professional  course, 
viz.,  Law,  Alcdicino,  Dentistry,  Pharmacy,  Engineering.  No  specific  preparation  for  pro- 
fessional training  recognized  or  insisted  on.  No  Bachelor's  degree  of  general  culture  granted. 
(6)  Three  years  of  liberal  arts  studies  and  first  year  of  professional  school.  See  Circular 
of  Infonnation.  If  in  view  of  the  student's  elections  the  professional  schools — this  applies 
really  to  Medicine  alone — see  fit  to  give  advanced  credit  they  arc  of  course  at  liberty  to  do 
.so.  But  the  faculties  of  the  liberal  arts  school  ret/iin  full  control  of  three  years,  (r) 
Such  unstifFening  of  professional  courses,  that  studejits  in  j>rofessional  schools  have  still  o})- 
portunities  for  pursuing  liberal  arts  and  pure  science  courses  as  electives.  Prospective 
students  of  Law  or  of  Medicine  ma}'  therefore  plan  as  follows:  Law — (a)  two  years  Col- 
lege and  three  years  Law  =  5  years  LL.B.  (b)  three  years  College  and  three  years  Law  = 
6  years  J.D.  (c)  four  years  College  and  three  years  Law  rm  7  years  J.D.  Medicine — (a) 
two  years  College  and  four  years  Metlicinj  --=^  6  years  M.D.  (b)  three  years  College  and 
four  years  Medicine  =  7  years  B.S.  or  A.B.  and  M.D.  (c)  four  years  College  and  four 
years  Medicine  =  8  years  B.S.  or  A.B.  and  M.D. 

Profes.sou  Paitl  Shorey,  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  No,  but  see  remarks  under 
I  id),  page  39  of  this  report,      (fc)   Yes,  but  see  \  {d)  remarks. 

Note.— In    II    (6)     Professor    Shorey    suggests  using  the  word  "re.strictcd"  in  place  of  "prescribed." 

Dean  J.  P.  Mam,  (Law),  University  of  Chicago,  [a)  Probably  not.  (h)  More 
is  to  be  said  for  this,  but  the  j)re.scription  should  not  be  so  vigorous  as  to  prevent  the  elec- 
tion of  a  moderatr  amount  of  such  preparatory  woik  by  students  who  know  at  an  early 
date  what  profession  they  are  to  pursue. 

Dean  R.  1).  Salisbtrv  (Graduate),  University  of  Chicago.  («)  Cert^iinly  not 
to  any  large  extent:    probably  not  at  all.      (fc)   Yes,  to  a  considerable  extent,      (r)   Spe- 


58  EEPORT    ON     COMBINED    COURSES 

cialization  should  not  be  allowed  to  go  so  far  as  to  exclude  a  considerable  work  in  (1) 
Sciences,  (2)  Languages  other  than  English,  (3)  English  Composition,  (4)  History 
group  (including  Political  Economy,  Sociology,  etc.).  My  idea  would  be  that  at  least 
two  years  of  college  work  should  be  work  which  has  no  direct  bearing  on  the  professional 
course. 

Professor  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Columbia  University,  (c)  On  the  assumption  that 
two  years  of  college  be  made  the  preparatory  work,  I  should  plead  earnestly  for  as 
broad  and  liberal  a  basis  as  possible,  with  an  emphasis  on  English,  Philosophy,  History 
and  a  fundamental  natural  science,  together  with  as  much  language,  ancient  and  mod- 
ern, as  is  possible.  If  the  preparatory  work  is  a  three  years  course,  the  third  year 
might  well  be  turned  toward  the  professional  studies,  although  the  work  ought  still  to  be 
broadly  cultural  in  character. 

Dean  J.  W.  Burgess  (Graduate  Faculty),  Columbia  University.  (b)  I  am  in- 
clined to  the  view  here  indicated. 

Dean  W.  M.  Polk  (Medicine),  Cornell  University,  (a)  It  should  not.  (b)  It 
should  be  arranged  in  the  interest  of  general  training. 

Dean  Frank  Irvine   (Law),   Cornell  University.       (a)    No.      (b)    In  part,      (c) 

I  believe  that  the  student  intending  to  pursue  Law,  for  example,  might  well  be  required  to 
take  work  in  History  and  Political  Science  wliich  will  have  a  direct  bearing  on  his  legal 
work,  but  over-specialization  should  be  avoided. 

Professor  J.  W.  Jenks,  Cornell  University.  (a)  Onl}'  in  a  very  general  way, 
e.  g.,  modern  languages  or  a  year  of  Latin,  or  some  History.      (6)   See  («). 

Professor  G.  L.  Burr,  Cornell  University,  (a)  No;  let  it  rather  be  general  cul- 
ture than  specific  preparation,  (b)  No:  if  only  the  professional  work  be  restricted  to 
the  overlapping  period,  the  student  may  best  himself,  under  proper  advice,  select  the  rest. 

Dean  F.  W.  Blackmar  (Graduate),  University  of  Kansas.  (a)  This  might  be 
done  in  part  without  interfering  with  the  following  proposition,  (b)  Yes.  (c)  I  would 
guard  the  Arts  degree,  by  insisting  on  sufficient  number  of  coui*ses  of  a  general  nature  to 
preserve  the  old  idea  of  liberal  education.  However,  as  education  expands,  many  subjects 
or  courses  formerly  supposed  to  be  too  technical  to  be  considered  valuable  for  general  train- 
ing have  become  so  because  of  the  importance  now  given  to  pure  science  in  technical  and 
professional  schools.     This  has  materially  lessened  the  difficulty  of  the  problem. 

Dean  M.  T.  Sudler  (Medicine),  University  of  Kansas,  (a)  Only  generally.  (5) 
Generally  yes.  But  in  IMedicine,  for  instance,  a  five-hour  course  in  Chemistry,  Biology 
and  Physics  should  be  taken. 


IN    ACADEMIC     AND     I'ROFESSIONAT,    WOKK  59 

Professor  F.  W.  Kelsev,  University  of  Michigan,  (a)  No.  (//)  Yes.  (c)  The 
tendency  of  the  student  is  natunilly  to  elect  the  coui*ses  that  seem  to  him  to  have  the 
most  direct  bearin<y  on  his  future  work.  The  necessity  of  directing;  him  alon^jf  hues  t}mt 
will  assure  a  broad  and  solid  foundation  of  general  culture  has  heconie  much  more  obvious 
to  me  in  recent  3'ears  than  it  >va.s  fonncrly ;  for  the  unfortunate  results  of  early  specializa- 
tion have  shown  themselves  in  many  otherwise  promising  men. 

Dean  J.  F.  Dowxev  (Science,  Literature  and  Arts),  University  of  Minnesota,  {a) 
Only  to  a  limited  degree.  The  chief  thing  is  the  securing  of  a  liberal  education,  (b) 
Some  of  the  work  that  prepares  directly  for  the  professional  course  is  also  valuable  in 
general  training,  (c)  Such  subjects  as  Chemistry,  Animal  Biology,  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology, Botany,  and  Physics  are  good,  both  for  general  training  and  as  preparation  for  a 
medical  course.  Such  subjects  as  Economics,  Political  Science,  Constitutional  History  and 
International  Law  are  good,  both  for  general  training  and  for  a  law  course.  Such  sub- 
jects as  Mathematics,  Projection  Drawing,  Physics  and  Mechanics  are  good,  both  for  gen- 
eral training  and  for  Engineering.  So  that  if  a  student  knows  what  his  profession  is  to 
be  he  should  select  his  subjects  accordingly. 

Dean  E.  W.  Davis  (Literature,  Arts  and  Science),  University  of  Nebraska,  (a) 
I  believe  not.  {b)  This  seems  to  me  the  proper  course,  (c)  As  to  (a)  above,  there  are, 
to  be  sure,  courses  which,  while  contributing  to  general  culture,  do  yet  contribute  to  prep- 
aration for  the  special  work.  As  for  example.  History  for  Law,  Mntheniatics  for  Engineer- 
ing, Biology  for  Medicine.  The  important  point  is  that  subjects  whicli  do  not  contribute 
to  breadth  of  training,  but  are  uttiM'ly  technical,  should  not  be  allowed. 

Dean  E.  A.  Birge  (Letters  and  Science),  University  of  Wisconsin.  (a)  Prefer- 
ably not,  hut  in  the  case  of  medicine  much  preliminary  work  is  required  by  medical  schools. 
(6)  This  would  be  preferable,  if  refiuircnients  are  to  be  made.  We  have  allowed  the  twenty 
hours  which  a  student  may  credit  to  con.stitute  really  a  part  of  the  student's  major  and 
have  not  imposed  any  requirements  other  than  those  generally  exacted. 

President  A.  B.  Church,  Buchtel  College.  (a)  Where  possible,  guard  against 
narrow  pre-professional  preparation.  (/))  General  training  is  desirable  from  tin-  citizen's 
standpoint,  also  essential  to  an  efficient  professional  training.  (c)  The  pre-professional 
training,  where  possible,  should  form  a  wide  and  rich  resource  from  which  the  speriali/ed 
professional  life  can  draw. 

President  E.  B.  Bryan,  Colgate  University,      (a)    No.      (b)   Yes. 

President  K.  L.  Ket.ly,  Earlham  College,      (b)   This  alternative  should  be  adopted. 

Dkan  J.  J.  Adams  (Law),  Ohio  State  University.      (a)    No.      (/))    Yes. 


60  REPOET    OX     COMBINED    COURSES 

President  W.  E.  Stone,  Purdue  University,  (a)  I  am  not  in  favor  of  tinctur- 
ing undergraduate  work  too  strongly  with  professional  subjects.  The  fourth  year  of  un- 
dergraduate work  may  well  include  general  subjects  fundamental  to  professional  course, 
but  not  distinctly  professional  in  character,      (b)   See  (a). 

President  Joseph  Swain,  Swarthmore  College.  (b)  Yes.  (c)  In  three  years, 
perhaps,  some  subjects  required  in  the  preparation  for  professional  work  may  be  included. 
For  example,  Chemistry  and  other  branches  of  science  may  be  included  in  the  course  of 
the  prospective  medical  student. 

Dean  M.  B.  Thomas,  Wabash  College,  (a)  Largely  prescribed,  to  exclude  profes- 
sional work,      (b)   Prescribed  to  include  general  training. 

IV.  OPINIONS  FROM  PERSONS  OPPOSED  TO  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  WHO  WOULD 
ALSO  KEEP  THE  COLLEGIATE  (PRE-PROFESSIONAL)  WORK  FOR  THE  MOST 
PART  GENERAL  IN  CHARACTER. 

Professor  J.  L.  Laughlin,  University  of  Chicago.  (a)  No  objection;  but  the 
work  of  the  Bachelor's  course  should  not  be  shortened,  or  diverted  from  its  general  aim. 
(b)  The  prescription  is  for  the  advantage  of  the  professional  schools,  who  wish  to  draw 
men;  but,  if  prescription  is  resorted  to,  then  the  college  work  should  prescribe  only  that 
which  is  disciplinary,  and  not  that  which  is  technical  (as  different  from  professional). 

Professor  W.  G.  Haee,  University  of  Chicago.  (6)  Yes.  (c)  The  greatest  dan- 
ger in  our  tendency  in  education  today  lies  in  the  growing  up  of  the  idea  that  all  edu- 
cation should  be  "vocational."  Whatever  may  be  necessary  for  those  who  will  have  only 
a  high  school  training,  the  collegiate  course  ought  to  be  liberal. 

Dean  W.  H.  Howell  (Medicine),  Johns  Hopkins  University.  (c)  In  accordance 
with  my  suggestion  on  page  45  of  this  report,  I  should  prefer  the  option  given  under 
(fc),  for  in  the  usual  scheme  of  a  combined  course  I  should  suggest  that  the  preparatory 
professional  courses  be  limited  to  the  last  two  years. 

Dean  Olin  Templin  (Arts  and  Sciences),  University  of  Kansas.  (a)  No  fur- 
ther than  is  absolutely  necessary  to  prepare  the  student  for  the  courses  to  be  pursued  in 
the  professional  schools,      (b)   Yes,  just  as  far  as  possible. 

Dean  L.  A.  Sherman  (Graduate  College),  University  of  Nebraska,  (b)  So  far  as 
practicable,  this. 

Dean  A.  J.  Smith  (Medicine),  University  of  Pennsylvania.  («)  Only  to  the  ex- 
tent of  insuring  reasonable  preparation  in  Modern  Language  and  in  Physics,  genera]  Chem- 
istry and  general  Biology — aside  from  this  as  broad  as  possible,      (b)   See  (a). 

Dean  A.  F.  West  (Graduate),  Princeton  Universitv.      (b)   Yes. 


IX     ACADKMIC     AND     I'KOKKSSIOXA  I.    NVOUK  61 

Dkan  R.  II.  Dahxky  ((Jraduatc),  University  of  VirLjini.i.  (ti)  Deoidedlv  not. 
{b)  Vcs,  if*  iiny  ditfeiviu-i'  1h>  ni.ule  between  such  students  and  those  who  tukc  a  full  four- 
year  course  of  academic  work,  (r)  The  fundamental  idea  of  the  baccalaureatx-  degree  is 
that  it  is  the  badi^e  of  broad-minded  cithensh'ip.  Bachelors  of  Arts  ought  to  be  men  of 
wide  enough  knowk^lge  to  take  an  intelligent  interest  in  everytliing  that  goes  on  in  tlu' 
world  of  thought.  There  was  a  time  whuii  knowledge  of  the  classical  languages  was  indis- 
pensable for  tiiis.  That  is  no  longer  tlie  case.  But  certainly  there  are  numerous  subjects 
that  a  broadly  educated  citizen  ought  io  knoM'  something  about.  The  University  of  Vir- 
ginia gives  neither  the  B.A.  nor  the  B.S.  to  any  one  who  has  not  had  at  least  two  years  of 
college  English,  two  years  of  mathematical  study,  at  least  a  year  of  work  in  t  ich  of  two 
foreign  languages,  a  year  in  each  of  two  natural  sciences,  a  year  in  philosophy  and  a  year 
in  one  of  th.e  social  sciences.  This  group  .system  is  designed  to  require  breadth  of  knowl- 
i  (Ige  of  every  holder  of  a  baccalaureate  degree.  To  permit  a  man  who  ha.s  only  knowledge 
of  a  profession  and  such  other  subjects  as  bear  closely  upon  it  to  receive  a  baccalaureate 
degrcx'  is  to  rob  such  degree  of  all  real  meaning. 

Dkax  n.  S.  Richards  (Law),  University  of  Wisconsin,  (a)  No.  (h)  Yes.  (c) 
I  personally  favor  prescribing  for  law  students  a  group  of  subjects  prepared  by  a  com- 
mittee of  the  Association  of  American  Law  Schools  for  law  students,  which  provides 
as  follows:  Knglish  (Rhetoric  and  Composition),  two  yeai-s ;  Mathematics,  or  a  natural 
physical  science,  one  year;  History  (including  English  and  American  Constitutioii.al  His- 
tory), two  years;  Psychology.  If  three  or  more  years  be  devoted  to  such  preparation,  ad- 
ditional courses  in  History,  Natural  Science,  and  courses  in  Philosophy,  Political  Science, 
Economics,  antl  Sociology  are  suggested.  In  my  opinion,  where  preliminary  study  is  lim- 
ited to  two  years,  the  time  should  be  devoted  largely  to  those  subiects  which  tend  to  form 
habits  of  exactness  in  thought  and  expression.  The  aliove  courses  seem  to  me  to  be  ad- 
mirably suited  for  this  purpose.  Courses  in  Jurisprudence,  advanced  courses  in  Economics 
and  Sociologv  should  not  be  offered  for  students  who  havi-  no  knowledge  of  law.  but  for 
advanced  students. 

Professor  G.  B.  Adams,  Vale  University,  (a)  I  favor  prescription  within  .some- 
what wide  limits.      (b)   This  is,   I   think,  the  better  policy  where  possible. 

Dean   Edwin    Post   (College),  DePauw   University.       (b)    Tiiis  latter  is  preferable, 
t  seems  to  me. 

Pkis'.dext  M.  E.  Ckowei.l,  Franklin  College.  (r)  The  collegiate  course  should 
include  the  required  subjects  for  a  bachelor's  degree.  The  first  year  of  the  professional 
course,  then,  would  take  the  place  of  the  college  electives.  The  major  line  of  the  col- 
|e<_r(  course  would  probably  represent  specific  preparatiuJi  fo)'  the  professional  cour^^  . 
The  re<|uired  minors  sh(H)ld  be  in  the  interest  of  general  training. 


62  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

Presidext  W.  a.  Millis,  Hanover  College.  (6)  This  question  must  be  an- 
swered in  terms  of  the  latter  alternative,  (c)  As  long  as  life  is  more  than  meat,  as  long 
as  a  man  must  live  his  life  while  working  at  a  job,'  our  colleges  and  universities  must  hold 
themselves  responsible  for  this  larger  function.  They  can  not,  without  wrong  to  men  and 
to  society,  in  their  greed  for  students,  send  out  men  fitted  for  a  narrow  professional  serv- 
ice, but  not  fitted  to  live  large,  free  lives,  not  fitted  for  the  larger  professional  service 
which  not  only  yields  a  living,  but  also  makes  a  contribution  to  social  welfare.  Education 
is  not  "being  on  to  one's  job."  A  true  education  makes  the  man  bigger  than  his  job. 
It  seems  to  me  that  the  university  should  regard  the  ''combined-course"  as  an  evil,  pos- 
sibly made  necessary  for  a  time  by  private  and  institutional  greed,  to  be  mitigated  at  all 
points  possible,  and  to  be  eliminated  from  practice  as  soon  as  possible. 

Librarian  D.  C.  Brown,  Indiana  State  Library,  (fl)  No.  (6)  Yes.  (c)  Early 
preparatory  professional  work  has  a  tendency  to  narrow  the  student  and  prevent  first-class 
work  in  the  professional  schools,  as  I  see  it  and  as  I  have  observed  it  in  college  work. 

President  E.  D.  Warfield,  Lafayette  College,  (a)  No.  (b)  I  should  say,  "dis- 
courage" rather  than  "prevent." 

Dean  J.  V.  Denny  (Arts),  Ohio  St-ate  University,      (a)   No.      (6)  Yes. 


V.  ANSWERS  REPRESENTING  A  VARIETY  OF  OPINIONS,  BUT  FOR  THE  MOST  PART 
INDICATING  AN  EFFORT  TO  FIND  A  COMPROMISE  BETWEEN  GENERAL  AND 
PROFESSIONAL  INTERESTS   IN   THK  PRE-PROFESSIONAL  COLLEGIATE  WORK. 

President  B.  I.  Wheeler,  University  of  Calif ortiia.  (c)  A  hard  question.  The 
work  in  college  should  be  thoroughly  academic  in  character,  but  subjects  must  be  pre- 
scribed having  reference  to  the  future  career  of  the  student ;  for  instance,  the  future 
student  of  Medicine  must  take  Zoology,  Chemistry,  Botany  and  German.  College  work,  as 
distinguished  from  professional  v.ork,  is  not  characterized  b}'^  subject,  but  by  spirit. 

Secretary  F.  P.  Keppel  (Behalf  President  Butler),  Columbia  University.  Our 
emphasis  in  the  prescription  of  collegiate  courses  is  upon  general  training  rather  than 
specific  preparation  for  professional  work,  though  when  possible  we  try  to  give  this  training 
in  the  fundamental  subjects  underlying  any  given  profession.  As  an  example:  the  pros- 
pective student  of  Medicine  is  required  to  offer  Physics,  Chemistry  and  General  Biology 
either  at  entrance  to  college  or  in  his  first  two  years.  As  another  example:  we  do  not 
permit  a  collesce  student  to  plan  his  college  course  in  such  a  way  that  he  can  obtain  a  Bache- 
lor's degree  and  an  Engineering  degree  in  less  than  six  years,  even  though  the  courses 
which  would  enable  him  to  do  so  are  ordinarily  open  to  college  students. 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     I'ROKE.SSIONAI-    V^  OUK  63 

Dkan  C.  H.  Hull  (Arts  and  Scichces),  Cornell  University,  (a)  It  is  not  so  pre- 
scribed in  our  practice;  but  our  elective  systeni  permits  students  to  take,  if*  they  like,  the 
classes  which  probably  would  be  prescribed  if  any  were,  (b)  We  have  no  such  preventa- 
tive provision  save  the  requirement  of  six  hours  in  each  of  four  underclass  groups.  6x4=24 
is  two-fifths  of  the  minimum  credit  for  the  first  two  years. 

Profkssor  a.  B.  Hakt,  Harvard  University.  (a)  No — when  it  is  professional 
all  through,  (h)  No — for  then  the  two  cognate  things  are  divided.  (r)  Why  not  a 
third  alternative.''  Viz.,  that  students  be  encouraged  to  take  part  of  their  undergraduate 
work  in  fields  available  in  other  professional  study,  e.  g..  Science  for  those  hxiking  toward 
Medicine ;  Economics,  Politics  and  History  for  prospective  law  students ;  Mathematics  and 
Physics  for  engineers.     That's  what  many  students  do  now. 

Prokkssor  F.  W.  Taussig,  Harvard  Univei-sity.  (a)  See  (c).  (b)  The  profes- 
sional schools  mny  require  some  courses  (Chemistry  and  Biology,  e.  g.,  for  medical  sciiools) 
if  they  think  desirable ;  but  this  as  their  requirement  for  admission.  I  should  be  sorry 
to  see  a  a  requirement  as  part  of  any  combined  course,  (f)  My  answer  would  depend. 
If  the  four-year  collegiate  course  is  maintained  (nominally,  at  lejust),  the  fourth  year 
might  as  well  be  a  strictly  professional  year.  If  the  college  course  is  lowered,  say  to  three 
years,  alternative  {b)  seems  to  me  preferable.  In  general,  I  am  strongly  in  favor  of 
a  reduction  of  the  college  course  to  three  years,  and  this  openly,  not  by  the  method 
of  allowing  the  first  year  of  a  professional  course  to  count  as  the  fourth  year  of  college. 
In  the  college  itself,  I  should  have  as  little  of  really  professional  work  as  possible.  I  do 
not  regard  courses  in  History,  Politics  and  Kconomics  as  "professional"  with  reference  to 
law  study,  or  courses  in  Biology,  Chemistry,  Mathematics  as  "professional"  witli  reference 
to  medicine  or  engineering. 

Dkan  Samuel  Williston  (Law),  Harvard  University,  {a)  No.  {b)  Purely  pro- 
fessional work  I  should  allow  only  in  the  last  year.  Subjects  which  aiv  a}ipropriate  for 
.students  to  take  for  general  culture,  irrespective  of  the  profession  they  intend  to  adopt, 
I  should  allow  to  be  taken  prior  to  the  last  year,  even  though  tiiey  are  particularly  useful 
for  students  proposing  to  enter  a  special  profession. 

Df.an  W.  C.  Wilcox  (Arts),  State  University  of  Iowa,  (a)  Not  necessarily.  There 
arc  two  sides  to  this  matter.  I  should  try  to  balance  between  specific  and  general  prep- 
ar.ition.  (/>)  It  would  depend  upon  circumstances.  As  a  rule  I  should  make  it  half 
specific  and  half  general,  (r)  I  will  frankly  state  my  own  preference  for  fewer  electives 
and  for  more  required  courses  in  our  liberal  arts  work.  The  mania  for  electives  has  been 
stimulated  by  the  foolish  custom  of  estimating  an  institution  by  the  number  of  students  who 
can  be  inveigled  or  cajoled  into  attending  it. 


64 


HKfOKT    l)X     COMBINED     COUKSES 


Dean  C.  N.  Gregory  (Law),  State  University  of  Iowa.  (a)  To  some  extent, 
{b)   Yes. 

Dean  C.  E.  Seashore  (Graduate),  State  University  of  Iowa,  (a)  Yes.  But  this 
should  not  be  exclusive,      (b)  I  would  seek  a  compromise  between  (a)  and  (6). 

Dean  E.  H.  Griffix  (College  Faculty),  Johns  Hopkins  University,  (a)  No.  (b) 
No.  (c)  The  collegiate  work  should  be,  in  my  opinion,  jealously  guarded  against  the 
influences  which  tend  to  deprive  it  of  its  character  as  a  "liberal"  discipline.  At  the  same 
time,  it  is  quite  true  that,  without  departing  from  that  conception  of  the  college  training, 
emphasis  may  be  placed  upon  scientific  studies,  or  historical  studies,  or  linguistic  studies, 
etc.,  so  that  incidental  preparation  shall  be  had  for  Medicine,  or  Law,  or  Teaching,  or 
Theology. 

Dean  C.  M.  Jackson  (Medicine),  University  of  Missouri.  (a)  Yes,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent.  (6)  It  should  do  both,  (c)  Our  Medical  School  requires  two  years  of 
college  work  for  admission,  which  must  include  Inorganic  Chemistry,  Physics,  Zoology, 
English,  and  German  (or  French).  The  first  two  years  of  the  medical  curriculum  are 
given  up  to  the  fundamental  sciences  upon  which  Medicine  is  based.  Our  College  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  has  based  the  requirements  for  the  A.B.  degree  upon  the  following  principles: 
During  the  first  two  years  the  courses  should  be  general  in  character,  and  scattered  over  a 
rather  wide  range,  so  as  to  include  a  minimum  of  five  hours'  work  in  each  of  the  following 
groups:  (1)  English;  (2)  History;  (3)  Ancient  Languages;  (4)  Modern  Languages; 
(5)  Mathematics,  or  Logic  and  Psychology;  (6)  Physical  Science;  (7)  Biological  Science. 
Remaining  25  hours  to  be  devoted  to  free  eiectives.  During  the  last  two  years  the  stu- 
dent is  required  to  specialize  to  a  certain  extent.  He  must  complete  (a)  one  major  of  at 
least  2-i  hours,  to  be  chosen  from  one  of  the  six  divisions  of  studies  in  the  College  of  Arts 
and  Sciences;  moreover  12  hours  in  a  division  other  than  the  major.  Remaining  24 
hours  free  eiectives.  Our  "combined  course"  planned  so  as  to  meet  fully  the  require- 
ments of  both  the  School  of  Medicine  and  the  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  In  four  years 
the  student  can  meet  the  requirements  for  the  A.B.  degree,  at  the  same  time  completing  the 
entrance  requirements  for  Medicine  and  the  first  two  years  of  the  medical  curriculum. 

President  A.  R.  Hile,  University  of  Missouri.  (c)  The  Arts  faculty  should 
specify  the  requirements  for  the  A.B.  degree.  If,  then,  a  professional  faculty  can  ar- 
range for  a  combined  course  by  using  the  eiectives,  no  sacrifice  of  "general  training"  has 
been  made  inconsistent  with  the  aims  of  the  Academic  faculty  as  expressed  in  the  curricu- 
lum. In  the  University  of  Missouri,  the  :Medical  faculty  has  arranged  a  combined  course 
in  this  way  without  any  help  from  the  Arts  faculty,  i.  e.,  by  using  th.e  eiectives.  The  re- 
sults on  tlic  studenb  seem  to  liave  been  satisfactory. 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL     WORK  %5 

Director  G.  C.  CoMsrocK  (GnuhmtL),  Univorsitv  of  Wisconsin,  (t)  Answoiv 
to  the  above  questions  should  bo  bused  upon  ;i  lart^er  .uiiount  of  experience  in  the  udniin- 
istrution  of  an  Arts-professional  course  than  is  now  accessible  to  the  undersitrncd.  In 
establishing-  such  a  course  wliere  it  has  not  previously  existed  it  would  se<^ii  wise  to  abstain 
from  either  prescription  until  experience  had  shown  need  for  it. 

Dean  II.  W.  Hogkks  (Law),  Vale  University.      («)    No.      {b)    No. 

President  A.  T.  IIadley,  Yale  University,  (a)  Yes.  (6)  Yes.  (c)  If  with  the 
character  of  the  student  material  which  you  get  these  two  are  inconsistent,  the  combined 
Arts-professional  course  is  impossible;    if  they  are  consistent,  it  is  possible  and  desirable. 

President  W.  D.  Hvdk,  Bowdoin  College.  («)  No.  (/;)  No.  (r)  Freedom  is 
better  than  petty  and  futile  interference. 

President  J.  H.  T.  Main,  Grinnell  College,  (a)  Yes,  to  a  certiiin  extent,  over- 
emphasis is  the  danger.  The  answer  to  this  question  depends  largely  upon  system  followed 
in  the  college, — group  system,  elective,  etc.  (6)  General  training  sliould  always  have  due 
attention  in  college,  liut  this  may  be  done  without  entire  neglect  of  vocational  interests. 
Tlie  college  has  a  double  duty,  (c)  There  should  be  a  certain  amount  of  work  absolutely 
required  in  every  college  cour.sc,  work  that  deals  with  universals  and  fundamentals.  Also 
permanent  interest  should  be  looked  after  by  requiring  prolonged  work  in  one  or  two  sub- 
jects— the  major  system,  or  the  major  and  minor  system.  These  points  having  due  attcn 
tion,  other  matters  will  adjust  themselves  without  much  difficulty,  provided  the  student  has 
an  adequate  amount  of  personal  attention. 

President  Isaac  Sharpless,  Haverford  College.  (c)  This  depends  on  the  time 
at  the  command  of  the  student.  If  this  is  is  limited,  the  first  proposition  might  have  an 
affinnative  answer.      If  not,  the  second. 

Dean  F.  M.  Erickson  (Acting  President),  Ripon  College.  (o)  No.  (fc)  No. 
(c)    Have  a  recjuiriinent  which  prevents  too  great  specialization  and  no  more.      Cu.s«ai  differ. 

Dean  R.  M.  IIighes  (Arts),  Miami  University.  (a)  Yes.  but  the  requirements 
should  be  viewed  broadly.  Certain  courses  are  seriously  needed,  but  in  tJK  main  the  re- 
quired course  should  Ik*  general. 

Prksidknt  Herhert  Welch,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  (a)  No.  (fc)  In  the 
same  way  that  the  work  of  other  students  is  restricted  or  pn^scribed.  (r)  By  group  and 
major  requirements  and  limitations. 

President  E.  G.  Lancastiu,  Olivet  College.      (o)    No.      (iroup  sy.stcm.      (/;)    No. 

Chancelixjr  I).  F.  HoisTON,  Washington  University,      {a)  Largely,      (h)  Yes. 


66  REPORT    ON     COMBINED     COURSES 


QUESTION  III 

III.     Character  of  the  Professional  work  in  the  combined  Arts-professional  course. 

(a)  Tv.o   types   of   work    are   offered    in    the    professional    schools,    sometimes 

slightly,  sometimes  widely  different.  On  the  one  hand  there  is  work 
which  is  im.mediately  applicable  in  professional  practice.  On  the  other 
hand  there  is  work  which  is  primarily  theoretical  and  often  remote  from 
immediate  applicability.  Passing  by  the  supeficial  controversy  as  to 
the  respective  values  of  the  two  and  assuming  the  necessity  of  both  in 
due  order,  it  has  been  suggested  that  only  courses  of  the  second  type 
should  be  credited  toward  ti:c  Arts  degree. 
What  is  your  judgment  upon  the  point.'' 

(b)  Remarks. 


I.  OPINIONS  FROM  PERSONS  FAVORING  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  IN  SOME 
FORM  WHO  PREFER  COURSES  OF  THE  "SECOND  TYPE"  INDICATED  IN 
QUESTION    III. 

Dean  R.  D.  Salisbury  (Graduate),  Univei-sit^^  of  Chicago.  (a)  "It  has  been 
sugo-ested  that  ojdy  courses  of  the  second  type."  I  should  say  "chiefly"  but  not  "only." 
Many  courses  have  the  qualities  of  the  two  types  mentioned  above,  and  such  courses  are  to 
be  especially  conmiended  in  tliis  connection. 

Professor  Paul  Shorey,  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  "It  has  been  suggested  that 
only  courses  of  the  second  type  should  be  credited  toivards  the  Arts  degree."  Yes,  prop- 
erly speaking. 

Dean  J.  P.  Hall  (Law),  University  of  Chicago.  (a)  One  year  of  strictl}-  profes- 
sional work  should  be  counted  towards  college  degree.  At  least  one  year  of  medical  or 
engineering  work  is  of  the  "primarily  theoretical"  type,  and  such  an  amount  of  this  should 
be  also  permitted. 

Dean  J.  W.  Burgess  (Graduate  Faculty),  Columbia  Universit3^  (a)  I  favor  this 
suggestion. 

Dean  Frank  Irvine  (Law),  Cornell  University.  (a)  Secondary  and  technical 
courses  should  not  be  credited.  (6)  I  believe  that  the  fundamental  law  courses,  e.  g..  Con- 
tracts, Torts,  Property,  Criminal  Law,  Domestic  Relations,  and  even  Common  Law  Proce- 
dure, have  about  the  Same  cultural  value  as  studies  in  Historv  and  Economics,  raid  should 
be  credited  tow.ird  the  A.M.  degree. 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WORK  67 

Professor  J.  W.  Jknks,  Cornell  University.  («)  MHinly  work  of  the  second  type; 
but  if  only  one  year's  work  is  allowed  credit,  I  should  not  be  ripfid. 

Professor  H.  B.  Ward.  University  of  Illinois,  (a)  As  noted  above,  this  is  pre- 
cisely my  position.  (/;)  I  wrote  the  first  paraj^raph  before  reaching  this  question.  See 
(d)  on  page  40  of  this  report. 

Dkan  O.  a.  liARKER  (Law),  University  of  Illinois,  {a)  1  am  of  the  opinion 
that  work  which  is  primarily  theoretical  only  should  be  taken  in  Law,  practice  courses 
should  come  only  after  the  students  have  had  the  most  of  the  theoretical  courses.  Again, 
a  c^indidate  for  A.B.  degree,  may  find  after  he  has  been  over  the  leading  subjects?  in  sub- 
stantive law,  that  he  does  not  want  to  practice  law. 

Dean  F.  W.  Blackmar  (Graduate),  University  of  Kansa.s.  (a)  The  theoretical 
or  philosophical  courses  in  the  professional  schools  should  be  chosen  for  the  Arts  degree. 
It  may  not  be  possible  to  adhere  to  this  strictly,  but  in  general  it  should  be  observed. 

Dean  M.  T.  Sudleb  (Medicine),  University  of  Kansas.  (a)  The  primarily  the- 
oretical one  should  bo  alloMod  to  count  in  the  first  two  years,  after  that  the  second  type. 

Prksidexi-  D.  S.  Jordan,  Inland  Stanford  Junior  University,  (a)  Mastly  the 
latter,  not  for  the  degree's  sake,  but  Ix'cause  broad  training  in  science  gives  a  better  foun- 
dation. The  degree  is  only  a  name.  No  .student  ousfht  to  be  forced  out  of  his  way  to 
secure  it.  So  far  as  its  requirements  are  .soli<l  work,  the  details  are  not  worth  wrangling 
over.  The  question  is — What  is  l>est  for  the  student.''  Often  that  depends  on  his  indi- 
vidual traits  and  needs. 

Professor  F.  W.  Kelsey,  University  of  Michigan,  (a)  I  should  credit  toward 
the  Arts  degree  only  courses  of  the  second  type  mentioned.  (6)  I  have  never  been  dis- 
turbed by  the  assertion  that  our  students  should  be  prepared  to  enter  the  professions  earlier 
than  at  present.  The  average  student  has  yet  plenty  of  time  to  git  ready  for  his  life 
work;  and  under  such  conditions  I  do  not  favor  the  crowding  of  technical  courses  into 
the  work  for  the  Arts  degree.  Let  the  work  come  in  its  natural  order — first  the  more 
general  and  cultural  courses,  then  the  more  technical. 

Dean  IL  T.  Eddy  (Graduate),  University'  of  Minnesobi.  (o)  I  would  givi*  credit 
for  work  of  the  second  type  only  toward  a  degree  in  arts. 

Dean  C.  AL  Jackson  (Medicine),  University  of  Missouri.  (a)  Only  the  second 
type  of  work  should  be  credited  towards  the  Arts  degree.  (b)  Opinions  differ,  how- 
ever, as  to  the  dividing  line  between  the  two  types.  In  the  University  of  Missouri,  all  the 
work  in  the  first  two  years  of  the  medical  curriculum,  excepting  Patholocrv,  is  included 
under   work    for    the   A.B.    degree.      Pathology   is  also  elective  toward  the  A.B.   in  .some 


68  REPORT    ON     COMBINED     COURSES 

schools  ( e.  g..  University  of  Chicago),  and  its  more  general  aspects  belong  clearly  to  the 
second  type  above  indicated. 

President  A.  R.  Hill,  University  of  Missouri.  (a)  Only  those  of  the  second 
type,  unless  the  distinction  between  academic  and  professional  courses  is  to  be  entirely 
abolished  and  with  it  college  and  university  degrees. 

Dean  E.  W.  Davis  (Literature,  Arts  and  Science),  University  of  Nebraska,  (a) 
Mv  judgment  is  in  favor  of  the  suggestion.  (6)  I  find  complaint  that  students  using 
the  first  year  of  a  professional  course  as  the  last  year  of  their  Arts  course  do  not  take  the 
work  as  seriously  as  is  desirable  on  the  one  hand,  while  there  is  also  complaint  that  having 
taken  this  and  gotten  their  Arts  degree,  they  drop  out.  The  susrgestion  in  (a)  will  help 
somewhat.      I  would  further  suggest  that  no  degree  be  given  till  the  end  of  the  sixth  year. 

Dean  C.  R.  Bardeen  (Medicine),  University  of  Wisconsin,  (a)  I  agree  in  gen- 
eral with  the  point  of  view  suggested.  (6)  It  is  important  that  work  in  the  Arts  course 
which  is  at  the  same  time  counted  toward  a  professional  degree  should  be  in  charge  of  men 
familiar  with  and  in  sympathy  with  medicine.  As  a  rule  they  should  be  graduates  in 
medicine. 

Dean  E.  A.  Birge  (Letters  and  Science),  University  of  Wisconsin,  (a)  I  should 
prefer  to  credit  only  work  of  the  second  type,  but  while  the  types  indicated  are  distinct, 
there  arc  many  courses  which  are  intermediate  in  character,  so  that  it  is  not  easy  to  draw 
the  line  exactly.  Our  faculty  has  hitherto  designated  courses  which  might  be  credited, 
choosinsT  them  from  the  second  type.  There  is,  however,  a  proposition  now  before  the 
faculty  to  allow  students  to  take  any  course  in  the  professional  schools  to  the  amount 
of  20  hours.  Those  who  have  brought  the  proposition  forward  feel  that  the  limitation  on 
the  number  of  hours  credited  is  such  that  the  student  would  not  be  able  to  secure  courses 
of  a  narroAvly  practical  character.  I  ought  to  add  that  very  few  students  with  us  avail 
themselves  of  this  opportunity  for  electing  studies  in  professional  colleges,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Law  school.  In  Agriculture  and  Engineering  we  have  had  little  experience. 
A  few  students  may  take  one  or  two  courses  in  those  colleges,  but  the  number  who  take 
up  to  the  20-hour  limit  is  extremely  small. 

Dean  F.  S.  Jones  (College),  Yale  University,  (a)  The  second  type  should  count 
toward  the  Arts  degree. 

President  W.  D.  Hyde,  Bowdoin  College,      {a)   Preferably  courses  of  second  type. 

President  C.  W.  Dabney,  University  of  Cincinnati,  (a)  Our  judgment  approves 
of  the  latter  view— give  credit  for  the  Arts  degree  only  to  the  more  purely  cultural 
or  scientific  studies.      (5)   For  example,  in  our  Medical  course  two  years  are  given  to  the 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     PKOFESSIONAI.    WORK  69 

fundamental  sciences  and  two  years  to  the  practical  training.  We  should  then  fr'wv  credit 
for  the  Arts  degree  for  only  a  part  of  the  first  two  years'  work  and  certainly  for  nothing 
more  than  the  whole  of  the  first  two  years'  work.  Please  see  copies  of  our  cataloijrue  and 
announcements  for  further  illustration  of  our  opinions.  An  interesting  and  important 
subject,  upon  which  we  should  like  to  see  your  conclusions  when  published. 

President  E.  B.  Bryan,  Colgate  University.  (a)  The  latter  alternative  by  all 
means. 

President  F.  J.  McConnell,  DePauw  University,  (a)  It  is  hard  to  give  an  ex- 
act answer  to  this  question,  but  at  present  I  feel  that  work  of  the  second  type  should 
be  credited  toward  the  Arts  degree. 

President  R.  L.  Kelly,  Earlham  College,      (a)    Prefer  the  theoretical. 

President  Isaac  Shakplkss,  Haverford  College,  (b)  The  Arts  degree  more  prop- 
erly certifies  to  a  general  rather  than  a  technical  education.  This  may  be  gained  by  very 
varying  coursei^,  but  I  should  decidedly  prefer  this  "second  type." 

President  C.  H.  Rammelkamp,  Illinois  College,  (a)  I  should  say  mainly  courses 
of  the  second  type  should  be  credited  toward  the  Arts  degree.  It  would  seem  to  me  car- 
rying the  objection  too  far  to  say  that  not  a  single  professional  course  of  a  practical  na- 
ture should  be  included  in  the  work  for  the  Arts  degree. 

Dean  J.  J.  Adams  (Law),  Ohio  State  University.  («)  1  favor  the  second  class  of 
work. 

Dean  F.  M.  Erickson  (Acting  President),  Ri})on  College,  (fl)  For  A.B.  degree 
credit  only  second — not  technical  courses.  Greater  freedom  might  be  allowed  if  other  de- 
grees were  given  to  indicate  the  character  of  work. 

President  Henry  Lekavoi^r,  Simmons  College,  (b)  It  is  difficult  to  discriminate 
between  work  immediately  applicable  and  work  that  is  of  general  etiucational  utility.  The 
distinctly  technical  subjects  should  not,  I  believe,  be  offered  to  undergraduates. 

President  Joseph  Swain,  Swarthmore  College,  (a)  I  should  credit  in  general 
only  courses  of  second  type. 


70  REPORT    OK    COMBINED    COURSES 

II.  OPINIONS  FROM  PERSONS  OPPOSED  TO  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  WHO 
FAVOR  COLLEGIATE  COURSES  OF  THE  "SECOND  TYPE"  INDICATED  IN 
QUESTION    III. 

Professor  W.  G.  Hale,  University  of  Chicago,  (o)  In  most  departments  of  pro- 
fessional kind  the  theoretical  work  could  not  precede  the  practical.  At  least,  this  is  the 
case  in  the  study  of  Law.  With  Medicine  the  case  is  different.  Wherever  theoretical 
work  could  precede,  this  is  what  should  be  selected  in  case  of  a  combined  Arts -professional 
course. 

Professor  J.  L.  Laughlin,  Universitj^  of  Chicago.  (a)  (1)  Means  "technical" 
courses;  (2)  professional  courses  which  are  foundational,  theoretical,  and  often  of  highest 
value  as  training.  (1)  Should  be  in  the  main  excluded  from  college  work,  (b)  In  con- 
clusion, much  professional  work  is,  of  course,  highly  disciplinary.  There  is  no  valid  ob- 
jection to  excluding  such  from  the  college  course,  on  grounds  that  they  are  not  good 
training.  But  the  real  point  is  that  the  professional  men  need  all  of  four  years  to  get  the 
science,  humanities,  language,  economics,  etc.,  which  our  educated  leaders  in  society  ought 
to  have.  If  the  professional  schools  wish  to  get  men  earlier  into  practice,  let  them  aid  in 
the  attempt  to  save  two  years  (which  can  be  done)  out  of  wasted  time  in  the  secondary  work, 
before  entering  college. 

Professor  T.  N.  Carver,  Harvard  University.  (o)  I  agree  to  this  suggestion, 
assuming  that  any  professional  courses  are  to  be  credited. 

Professor  F.  W.  Taussig,  Harvard  University,  {h)  My  answer  is  indicated  on 
page  63  of  this  report. 

Dean  W.  C.  Wilcox  (Arts),  State  University  of  Iowa,  {a)  It  is  my  opinion 
that  only  courses  of  the  second  type  should  be  credited  toward  the  Arts  degree.  Such  is 
our  practice  in  Iowa.  I  have  watched  for  sixteen  years  the  pernicious  results  of  the  whole 
combined  course  system.  I  would  abolish  it  if  I  could.  I  would  warn  against  the  estab- 
lishment of  any  such  system  where  it  does  not  now  exist. 

Dean  W.  H.  Howell  (Medicine),  Johns  Hopkin.s  University.  (6)  As  I  under- 
stand this  proposition  I  should  prefer  limiting  the  preparatory  courses  to  the  second  type, 
with  the  understanding,  of  course,  that  said  courses  when  including  work  in  the  physical  or 
biological  sciences  must  include  laboratory  training.  In  Medicine  it  would  be  desirable  to 
exclude  clinical  courses  but  to  include  any  or  all  of  the  work  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  or 
Physiological  Chemistry  as  well  as  Physics,  Chemistry  and  Biology. 

Dean  E.  H.  Griffin  (College  Faculty),  Johns  Hopkins  University,  (b)  As  al- 
ready stated,  I  would  keep  the  collegiate  course  distinctively  a  general  rather  than  a 
specialized  training.  If  the  holder  of  a  Bachelor's  degree  has — in  consistency  with  that 
ideal — gained  such  knowledge  of  any  of  the  components  of  a  professional  curriculum  as 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     PUOFESSIONA  I.     WORK  71 

would  justiiy  it,  I  see  no  reason  why  lie  should  not  receive  credit  for  that;  in  that  sense, 
and  in  that  way,  the  college  course  might  help  toward  the  professional  course,  and  the 
lenn^th  of  residence  in  the  professional  school  might  be  shortened.  These  answers  are  not 
given  in  the  name  of  my  colleagues  antl  carry  no  oflicifd  authority.  The  teaching  staff 
are  widely  scattered  unon  their  vacations.      I   give  only  my  })ersonal  opinions. 

Dean  Oi.in  Templin  (Arts  and  Sciences),  University  of  Kansas.  (a)  I  should 
certainly  insist  upon  all  professional  courses  credited  towards  the  Arts  degree  being  essen- 
tially liberal  rather  than  technical  in  character. 

Dean  L.  A.  Sherman  (Graduate  College),  University  of  Nebraska,  {a)  We  should 
incline  decidedly  to  courses  of  the  second  type  and  should  credit  others  onl}'  on  conditions 
such  Jis  indicated  on  page  46  of  this  report. 

Dean  A.  F.  West  (Graduate),  Princeton  University.  (/»)  There  are  liberal  studies, 
like  Chemistry,  Biology,  Mathematics,  Constitutional  History,  Economics,  etc..  which 
closely  underlie  professional  work.  These  are  all  right  in  the  Arta  course.  But  no  trrli- 
nique  of  any  profession  should  be  admitted  and  no  specifically  professional  study. 

Dean  R.  H.  Dauney  (Gratluate),  University  of  Virginia,  (a)  I  prefer  to  count 
only  courses  of  the  second  type,  (b)  My  reasons  are  substantially  the  .same  as  those 
given  in  the  remarks  under  (r)  on  page  41  of  this  report.  Breadth  of  culture,  knowledge 
for  its  own  sake,  or  rather  for  the  joy  that  it  gives  the  possessor,  should  characterize  a  lil)- 
eral  education,  rather  than  the  sort  of  knowledge  that  is  utilized  to  earn  one's  bread  and 
butter.  More  bread  and  butter  "utility"  should  not  be  the  aim  of  the  liberal  scholar. 
Man  cannot  live  by  bread  alone.  There  is  a  higher  "utility"  that  should  be  the  object  of 
all  education.  All  knowledge  is  "useful"  if  it  contributes  to  the  higher  happiness  of  its 
possessor  and  of  his  fellow-citizen. 

Dean  H.  S.  Richards  (Law),  University  of  Wisconsin,  (b)  Where  Law  School 
work,  for  example,  is  credited  toward  the  Arts  degree,  it  seems  to  me  if  should  be  confined 
to  courses  in  the  Law  School  which  arc  properly  styled  fundanuTitHl  rtMirscs.  <uch  as  Con- 
tracts, Torts,  Equity,  Persons,  Criminal  Law,  Property. 

Professor  G.  B.  Ada.ms,  Yale  University.  {a)  1  im  decidedly  in  favor  of  this 
suggestion,  wherever  possible.  (6)  This  is  the  plan  which  has  been  adopted  in  allowing 
practically  :i  year  of  the  Yale  Law  School  to  be  counted  for  the  academic  degree,  with  this 
additional  requirement  that  3  of  the  14  hours  allowed  towards  the  college  degree  nuist  be 
taken  in  Junior  year,  and  11  only  in  Senior.  The  result  has  been,  I  think,  as  satisfactory 
as  any  such  arrangement  can  be. 

Dean  Edwin  Post  (College),  DeFauw  University,  (a)  I  should  favor  the  credit- 
ing of  courses  of  fhr  second  type  towai<ls   thr  Arts  fl.rrn'c. 


72  REPORT    OX     COMBINED     COURSES 

President  W.  A.  Millis,  Hanover  College,  (a)  It  is  my  judgment  that  only 
courses  of  the  second  type  should  be  counted  twice  toward  any  degrees. 

Librarian  D.  C.  Brown,  Indiana  State  Library,  (a)  If  allowed  at  all,  only  courses 
of  the  second  type  should  be  credited  toward  the  Arts  degree. 

Dean  R.  M.  Hughes  (Arts),  Miami  University,  (a)  Only  work  of  a  theoretical 
nature  should  be  so  credited. 

Dean  J.  W.  Denny  (Arts),  Ohio  State  University,  (a)  That  only  courses  of  thje 
second  type  should  be  credited  towards  the  Arts  degree. 

Chancellor,  D.  F.  Houston,  Washington  University,      (a)   The  second  type. 

III.  OPINIONS  FROM  PERSONS  FAVORING  THE  COMBINED  COURSE  WHO 
WOULD  NOT  DISCRIMINATE  AGAINST  WORK  OF  THE  "FIRST  TYPE"  INDI- 
CATED IN  QUESTION  III,  OR  WHO  REGARD  THE  DISTINCTION  AS  IMMA- 
TERIAL. 

President  B.  I.  Wheeler,  University  of  California,  (a)  In  Junior  and  Senior 
year  of  the  Arts  course,  the  question  cannot   be  raised. 

Dean  A.  F.  Lange  (Graduate),  University  of  California,  (a)  Courses  in  the  tech- 
nique of  the  profession  should  be  postponed  until  after  the  Bachelor's  degree  has  been 
obtained.  My  criterion  would  be  whether  or  not  students  who  do  not  look  forward  to  the 
profession  in  question  could  take  such  courses  with  profit :  e.  g.,  at  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia courses  in  the  history  and  theory  of  education  are  open  to  undergraduates ;  courses 
in  practice  teaching  and  courses  in  method  are  open  only  to  graduates. 

Dean  A.  A.  D'Ancona  (Medicine),  University  of  California,  (a)  Whatever  sub- 
jects are  given  in  the  first  year  of  the  professional  college  should  be  so  credited,  of  what- 
ever type  they  may  be,  although  they  ought  to  correspond  to  the  academic  courses  in  point 
of  view  and  method,  (b)  All  work  in  the  professional  course  should  be  scientific  in  its  na- 
ture. The  student  at  all  times  should  be  brought  face  to  face  with  nature,  should  do  his 
work  from  the  standpoint  of  the  independent  thinker  and  should  test  knowledge  for  him- 
self. His  training  should  be  such  that  he  will  be  able  to  keep  pace  with  advances  in  knowl- 
edge.    No  other  kind  of  work  is  worthy  of  a  University  degree. 

Dean  W.  C.  Robinson  (Law),  Catholic  University  of  America,  (a)  See  (c),  page 
36  of  this  report.  In  addition  I  state  that  I  do  not  approve  of  any  course  which  con- 
fines a  student  to  a  mere  practical  training  in  his  profession,  such  as  he  might  get  in  a 
machine  shop  or  a  country  lawyer's  office,  or  a  hospital  ward.  He  should  have  a  liberal 
education.  On  the  other  hand  I  do  not  approve  of  any  course  which  wastes  time  over 
theories  and  speculations.     His  attention  should  be  devoted  to  facts,  not  only  facts  of  prac- 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL     WORK  78 

ticttl  value  in  his  profLSsion,  but  .ill  classes  of  tacts  the  knowledge  of  which  may  be  useful 
to  him  in  his  profession,  as  a  citizen  and  man  of  culture.  This  is  a  subject  on  which  it 
would  he  easier  to  write  a  volume  than  to  formulate  an  answer  to  a  letter  with  a  wretched 
pen  in  a  mountain  wcxxlshed,  as  I  am  doing  now. 

President  II.  P.  Jidson.  University  of  Chicago,      (d)    It  seems  to  me  immaterial. 

Dean  J.  M.  Dodson  (Medicine),  University  of  Chicauo.  (a)  I  think  the  above 
distinction  is  largely  chimerical.  The  most  "practical"  knowledge  is  that  whidi  is  most 
thorough  and  exact, — the  most  useless  and  disapy)ointing,  that  half  knowledge  of  mere 
facts — isolated  facts  at  that, — and  method  which  constitutes  rhc  result  of  what  is  so  often 
designated  "practical"  education. 

Dean  Frank  Billings  (Medicine),  University  of  Chicago,  (a)  I  think  both  should 
be  given.  ( h  )  The  main  thing  is  to  teacii  the  student  the  fundamental  principles  rather 
than  to  teach  him  a  lot  of  facts. 

President  G.  S.  Hall,  Clark  University,  (a)  1  prefer  the  former  rather  than  the 
latter,  but  think  the  antithesis  is  a  little  strained  as  this  question  is  put.  Something  in- 
termediate would  be  best  of  all.  (6)  I  believe  the  time  has  come  when  we  must  recon- 
struct our  ideas  as  to  the  educational  value  of  the  immediately  practical  and  give  the  lat- 
ter a  far  higher  place  for  its  culture  value  alone  than  we  have  done. 

Professor  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Columbia  University,  (h)  The  important  point  is 
not  what  is  taught,  but  how  it  is  taught.  If  the  .strictly  professional  courses  are  taught 
in  the  right  way,  there  is  no  reason  why  they  should  not  count  for  the  A.B.  degree. 

Professor  F.  C.  Wood,  Columbia  University.  (a)  The  courses  in  the  first  and 
second  years  in  the  Medicjil  School,  such  as  Anatom^  ,  Biological  Ch.emistry,  Physiology, 
Histology,  Enibryology,  Bacteriology,  etc.,  are  primarily  theoretical  and  are  really  a  por- 
tion of  general  biology.  They  therefore  have  the  same  educational  value  as  the  zoolog- 
ical and  biological  courses  often  given  in  the  third  and  fourth  years  to  candidates  for  the 
academic  degree  of  B.S.  It  seems  to  me  for  this  re.ison  that  the  first  two  years  in  the 
Medical  Sch(x>l  are  not  only  equivalent  to  the  last  two  vcars  in  the  ordinary  college  course, 
but  oven  superior  to  them  Ix'cause  of  the  much  higher  standard  of  work  rc>quirefl  in  the 
Medical  School.  It  is  therefore  unimportant  to  decide  what  courses  should  be  credited 
towards  the  Arts  degree.  Only  the  third  and  fourth  vears  of  the  Medical  School  contain 
courses  solely  applicable  to  professional  practice. 

Dean  G.  W.  Kirchwev  (Law),  Colundjia  Univei'sity.  («)  I  do  not  agree  with  the 
suggestion  contained  in  the  last  part  of  this  question.  On  the  contrary,  if  I  understand 
the  distinction  indicated,  I  should  say  that  the  development  and  training  furnished  by 
the  study  of  any  branch  of  learning  is  in  pretty  dinct  ratio  to  the  concreteness  with  which 


74  REPORT    OX     COMBIKKD     COX'RSES 

it  is  presented,  and  that  a  science  is  best  leai-ned  in  its  application  to  the  facts  with  which 
it  deals.  As  an  illustration  I  would  mention  the  study  of  law — what  are  often  called 
the  theoretical  and  general  law  studies — which  are  of  little  value  to  one  who  has  not 
previously  mastered  one  or  more  of  the  so-called  professional  branches. 

Secretary  F.  P.  Keppel  (Behalf  Pres.  Butler),  Columbia  University.  In  gen- 
eral, the  first  yeai's  of  the  professional  courses  are  devoted  to  the  broader  fundamental 
subjects,  but  we  treat  these  professional  years  as  units,  and  there  is  nothing  to  prevent 
some  strongly  technical  courses  from  being  counted  toward  the  Bachelor's  degree. 

Dean  W.  M.  Polk  (Medicine),  Cornell  University,  (a)  Only  courses  of  the  first 
type  should  be  credited  to  the  B.S.  degree.  Courses  of  the  second  type  might  be  credited 
to  the  A.B.  degree. 

Dean  C.  H.  Hull  (Arts  and  Sciences),  Cornell  University,  (a)  We  allow  the 
joint  course  student  to  take  in  senior  year  any  courses  in  a  professional  college  for  which 
that  college  esteems  him.  competent,  making  no  attempt  to  discriminate  between  those  which 
are  immediately  applicable  and  those  which  are  "primarily  theoretical." 

Professor  G.  L.  Burr,  Cornell  University,  (a)  I  would  not  so  restrict.  My  reasons 
have  been  already  given.      See  page  40  of  this  report. 

Dean  C.  E.  Seashore  (Graduate),  State  University  of  Iowa,  (a)  Here  again  I 
would  recommend  compromise,  (b)  I  idealize  that  the  above  answers  are  not  very  help- 
ful, but  the  situation  is  exceedingly  complicated  and  it  is  difficult  to  be  specific  without  go- 
ing into  very  great  details.  I  am  glad  that  your  committee  got  out  the  preliminary  re- 
port, which  will  be  convenient  for  reference.  In  this  University  we  have  not  yet  found  our- 
selves in  this  respect.  Our  combined  law  course  is  not  popular.  The  six-year  B.S.  course 
with  Medicine  is  being  forced  upon  us  by  the  requirements  of  the  two  years  as  prepara- 
tion. Our  faculty  does  not  feel  at  all  satisfied  with  that  six-year  combination.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  profit  by  the  experience  of  other  universities  in  this  matter. 

Dean  C.  N.  Gregory  (Law),  State  Universitj-  of  Iowa,  (a)  I  think  there  is  no 
merit  in  the  distinction,  (b)  I  think  study  of  the  decisions  of  John  Marshall  quite  as 
"cultural"  as  botany  or  algebra  or  "The  Mill  on  the  Floss." 

President  G.  E.  MacLean,  State  University  of  Iowa,  (a)  The  primarily  theo- 
retical courses  should  be  the  ones  preferably  accepted  without  excluding  necessarily  a 
minimum  of  the  technical,  (b)  The  advance  of  standards  for  admission  to  the  college 
and  particularly  the  provisions  for  more  strict  administration  for  standards  for  admis- 
sion and  graduation  and  the  necessar}^  prolongation  of  professional  courses  taught  in  scien- 
tific and  cultural  ways  justify  the  combined  courses. 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND     FKOFESSIONAL    WOUK  76 

Professou  a.  B.  Hart,  Harvard  University,  {b)  What  difference  docs  it  make 
if  the  credit  is  granted  only  on  the  taking  of  the  professional  degree?  The  student  will 
have  hat!  hoth  kinds.  If  the  A.B.  is  to  \ic  granted,  say  after  the  studies  of  one  yenv  in 
the  professional  school,  it  ought  to  go  >^"ith  tin  regular  studies  of  that  vear. 

Dean  Samuel  Wilijston  (Law),  Harvard  University,      (a)   See  answer  to  {d)  on 

page  37  of  this  report. 

Dean  F.  F.  Wesbrook  (Medicine),  University  of  Minnesota.  (h)  We  believe  that 
scientific  work  is  none  the  less  scientific  because  it  is  applied.  In  science,  a.s  elsewhere, 
we  are  able  to  generalize  justly,  only  upon  a  large  number  of  special  observations.  In 
teaching,  however,  we  reverse  the  process.  In  the  first  two  years  of  medicine,  of  neces- 
sity the  general  scientific  truths  must  come  first,  but  each  truth  is  more  fiiTnly  fixed  in  the 
student's  mind  when  he  himself  verifies  it  by  practical  work  specifically  applied. 

Dean  J.  F.  Downey  (Science,  Literature  and  the  Arts),  University  of  Minne>ota. 
(<z)  I  think  tiiat  some  of  the  first  type  have  educational  as  well  as  professional  value. 
These  should  be  credited  to  only  a  limited  extent,  (b)  In  engineering,  for  example,  the 
theoretical  work  requiring  application  of  mathematics  is  of  much  more  value  for  educa- 
tional purposes  than  shop  work  and  the  like. 

Dkan  a.  J.  Smith  (Medicine),  L^niversity  of  Pennsvlvania.  (a)  See  answer  to 
(fe),  on  page  35  of  this  report.  I  see  as  much  culture  in  physical  diagnosis  as  I  do  in 
the  shop  work  of  the  engineering  school  which  is  credited  for  the  B.S.  in  Engineering. 
The  same  parallel  may  be  drawn  in  cases  of  many  other  subjects,  and  personally  I  would 
grant  some  grade  of  credit  to  these  so-called  practical  branches ;  although  I  hesitate  in 
sugge:>ting  the  proportion. 

Dean  W.  M.  Lile  (Law),  University  of  Virginia,  (a)  As  the  Arts  degree  in  large 
measure  is  intended  as  mental  training,  I  should  make  no  distinction. 

Dean  R.  H.  Whitehead  (Medicine),  University  of  Virginia,  (a)  All  the  work  in 
the  first  two  years  of  the  medical  curriculum   should  be  credited  towards  the  degree. 

Director  G.  C.  Comstock  (Graduate),  University  of  Wisconsin,  (a)  The  sub- 
jects of  immediate  relation  to  professional  j)ractice  should  in  general  come  late  rather  than 
early  in  a  curriculum,  but  this  principle  should  not  be  made  a  hard  and  fast  criterion  o{ 
arrangement.  The  adoy)ted  sequence  of  studies  will  usually  be  a  compromise  among  con- 
flicting demands  which  should  be  adjusted  rather  than  controlled  by  any  such  nilc  a^  ?« 
above  suggested. 

Dean  H.  W.  Hogkrs  (Law),  Yale  University,  (a)  I  personally  believe  that  the 
student  should  be  allowed  to  take  the  regular  first  year's  work  of  the  professional  schoo) 
and  count  it  on  his  Arts  or  Science  degree. 


76  REPOHT    OX     COMBINED     COURSES 

Dean  George  Blumer  (Medicine),  Yale  University.  (a)  In  the  present  condi- 
tions of  medical  education  in  America  only  the  so-called  preclinical  studies,  i.  e..  Anat- 
omy, Physiology,  Pharmacology,  Physiological  Chemistry,  Pathology,  and  Bacteriology 
should  be  allowed  to  count  for  the  A.B.  degree. 

Dean  L.  C.  Monin,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  (a)  It  is  rather  a  narrow 
view.  The  proverb,  "knowledge  is  power,"  is  true  only  in  the  sense  of  '"''applied  knowl- 
edge is  power."  Hence  I  would  suggest,  Credit  all  honest  and  thorough  work,  whether 
"^ theoretical"  or  "practical." 

President  A.  B.  Church,  Buchtel  College,  (b)  Doubt  the  justice  of  a  general 
fast  rule  as  to  either  type.  Credit  such  work  as  is  informational  and  mental  disciplinary 
after  the  manner  of  the  Arts  work. 

President  J.  H.  T.  Main,  Grinnell  College,  (a)  Having  sent  a  student  to  a 
selected  professional  school,  we  should  accept  the  work  done  in  that  school.  It  would  take 
the  place  of  elective  work  and  we  should  assume  it  to  be  of  high  grade,  whether  coming 
under  first  or  second  head.  Nominally  the  first  year  in  a  professional  school  would  include 
much  theoretical  work. 

President  H.  S.  Drinker,  Lehigh  University.  {a)  Credit  should  be  given  for 
either  kind  of  work.  Because  certain  work  is  "immediately  applicable  in  professional 
practice"  is  no  reason  of  itself  why  it  should  be  excluded  from  the  A.B.  course.  If,  in 
arranging  any  combined  Arts-professional  courses  [as  in  I  («)]»  certain  purely  practical 
work  comes  necessaril}'^  within  the  time  limits  of  the  A.B.  course,  it  should  be  allowed  to 
count  for  that  degree.  Would  not  limit  either  kind  of  work,  if  it  is  sufficiently  well  done 
in  the  Arts  course  to  be  acceptable  to  the  faculty  of  the  professional  course. 

President  W.  E.  Stone,  Purdue  University,  (b)  See  (a)  on  page  43  of  this 
report.  Assuming  that  undergraduate  work  has  been  general  and  broad,  then  I  am 
in  favor  of  making  the  professional  work  strongly  technical,  because  I  believe  this  would 
be  the  most  useful  work  for  the  great  majority  of  the  students.  A  few  who  prefer  to 
emphasize  the  theoretical  side  in  preparation  for  further  extended  studies  would  be  able 
to  supply  their  needs  in  some  special  manner.  The  usefulness  of  the  professional  schools 
will  be  best  served,  in  my  judgment,  by  rather  close  application  to  professional  work. 

Dean  M.  B.  Thomas,  Wabash  College,  (a)  Do  not  think  this  is  important  if  both 
are  to  be  taken.  In  other  words,  I  would  not  disturb  the  order  that  would  seem  best  from 
the  standpoint  of  the  professional  training  to  make  it  conform  to  any  ideal  plan. 


IX     ACADEAIU'     AND     FROKESSION  A  L     UOllK  77 

IV.  OPINION'S  FROM  THOSE  OPPOSED  lO  THK  COMBINKD  COURSE  WHO  KK- 
GARD  THK  DISTINCTION  BETWEEN  COURSES  OK  THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND 
TYPE   AS   IMMATERIAL. 

Prksidknt  a.  F.  Bruske,  Almu  CoUooo.  {(i)  I  should  think  that  the  "imniediatol\ 
apphcable"  work  i.s  just  us  likely  to  have  a  cultural  value  as  the  "theoretical." 

President  M.   E.   Cuowki.i.,    Franklin   College.      (/>)    My  suggestion  on  page  61  of 
this  report  would  I  think  represent  my  position  here.      I  should  make  no  distinction  pro 
vided  the  college  work  were  as  I  have  indicated. 

Dean  C.  II.  IIaskins  (Graduate),  Harvard  University,  (a)  The  basis  of  the  dis- 
tinction should  not  be  practicality  l)ut  the  intrinsic  character  of  the  work.  If  it  is  useful 
to  other  .students  than  those  looking  forward  to  this  particular  profession,  the  course  should 
be  given  and  counted. 

President  K.  D.  Warkield,  Lafayette  College.  (/>)  I  think  "a})plicability"  is  not 
the  test.  Th»-  object  of  college  work  should  be  ( 1  )  mental  culture  and  (2)  mastery 
of  a  specific  body  of  knowledge  which  gives  conmiand  of  its  method  and  content  to  a  cer- 
tain proposed  degree.  A  man  should  know — should  be  able  to  ejcprcss  what  he  knows — 
able  to  advance  in  mastery  of  his  acquired  knowledge ;  not  apply  it  to  professional  prac- 
tice ;    at  the  end  of  his  college  period. 

Prksident  tJoHN  Cavanaigh,  University  of  Notre  Dame,  (a)  I  cannot  sei' that  this 
matter  is  at  all  important  if  you  once  concede  the  Bachelor's  degree  for  two  years  of  Col- 
lege work,  plus  two  yeai-s  of  Professional  training. 

President  VV.  O.  Thompson,  Ohio  State  University.  {<i)  I  am  somewhat  indif- 
ferent. The  student  himself  is  so  often  the  governing  factor  that  I  have  lost  my  en- 
thusiasm for  specific  courses  after  the  Sophomore  year. 

Pkksidext  IlKimERT  Wei.ch,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  (a)  Either  might  prop- 
erly replace  a  certain  amount  of  free  elective  for  the  college  degree. 

President  E.  G.  Lancaster,  Olivet  College,  (a)  No  shivp  and  goats  idea  in  ttlu- 
cation.      (h)   One  subject  good  as  another. 

PRESlDjiNT  A.  T.  Hadlev,  Yale  I'niversity.  (a)  I  should  have  greater  respect  for 
an  institution  that  refused  to  count  shop  work  courses  for  a  Bachelor's  degree  than  ff)r 
one  that  accepted  them. 


78  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

The  following  letter  from  President  Faunce  of  Brown  University  was  received  after 
the  foregoing  had  gone  to  press: 

I. 

(a)  No :  I  cannot  escape  the  conA^iction  that  there  is  a  species  of  intellectual  dishonesty 
in  giving  two  degrees  for  the  same — or  partly  the  same — work,      (c)  Yes. 

II. 

(a)  No.      (b)  Yes. 

III. 

(a)  Only  courses  of  the  second  type.  (6)  Every  first-class  engineer,  architect,  or 
professional  man  of  my  acquaintance  is  constantly  urging  on  me  the  importance  of  the 
studies  a  man  is  not  to  use  in  his  profession — e.  g.,  John  R.  Freeman,  engineer,  and  C. 
A.  Coolidge,  architect.  America  does  not  yet  really  believe  in  the  disinterested  pursuit  of 
truth,  knowledge,  scholarship.  Hence  we  have  no  scientists,  philosophers,  or  writers  of  the 
•tirst  rank.  If  the  universities  now  surrender  to  the  craze  for  immediate  tangible  efficiency, 
we  shall  be  in  evil  case. 


IN    ACADEMIC    AND     I'UOl'ESSIONAI.    WORK  79 


RESUME  OF  OPINIONS 


As  already  reniarked,  the  opinions  given  above  do  not  constitute  a  vote.  Thev  indi- 
cate the  ran«>v  of  opinion  and  argument.  It  is  a  fact  of  interest  that  we  are  more  luarlv 
aerreed  in  practice  than  in  opinion.  Nearly,  if  not  quite,  every  university  recognize.s  in 
some  way  thr  combined  course.  But  in  nearly,  if  not  quite,  cverv  university  there  is  some 
opposition  to  it. 

I. 

a.  Of  68  representatives  of  the  22  institutions  belonging  to  the  Association,  50  favor 
and  18  oppase  the  combined  course. 

Of  36  representatives  from  35  institutions  not  belonging  to  the  Association,  19  favor 
and  17  oppose  the  combined  course. 

It  is  a  fact  of  interest  that  the  combined  course  is  opposed  by  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  men  from  institutions  where  such  courses  are  established.  It  is  significant  also  that 
so  many  college  presidents  representing  institutions  which  have  no  professional  schools  fa- 
vor the  combined  course. 

h.  or  57  who  favor  the  combined  course,  12  favor  counting  two  years  toward  both 
degret-s.  9  favor  one  to  two  years,  and  36  favor  one  year  of  duplication.  The  remainder 
express  no  opinion. 

r.  The  question  ;ls  to  the  fonii  of  the  Bachelor's  degi'ce  for  the  combined  course  is 
aaswcrcd  by  87  coiTcspondents.  Of  these,  34  favor  B.S.  where  science  predominates,  as  in 
medicine:     J3  prefer  A.B.  in  all  cases;    10  express  indifference  upon  the  point. 

II. 

Of  47  who  favor  the  combined  course,  24  favor  the  prescription  of  the  collegiate  ( pre- 
professional )  work  so  as  to  provide  specific  pri  paration  for  the  professional  work  to  follow, 
and  23  favor  the  opposite  prescription.  In  a  number  of  cases  a  milder  word  than  "pre- 
scribe" is  preferred. 

Of  22  who  oppose  the  combined  course,  6  f.r.or  the  former,  and  16  the  latter  prescrip- 
tion. 

We  l.ave  thus,  on  the  one  h.and,  a  grouj)  of  men  who  favor  using  the  second  two  years 
of  the  college  coun>e  for  strictly  professionl  work  and  most  of  the  first  two  years  of  the 
course  for  work  which  is  quasi-professional.      At  the  opposite  extreme  we  have  a  group  of 


80  KEPORT    OX     COMBIXED     COI'RSES 

men  who  would  keep. out  of  the  college  course  all  strictly  professional  work  and  all  work 
which  is  preparatory  therefor,  except  in  the  most  general  way.  We  have  then  various 
opinions  lying  hetween  these  extremes. 

III. 

Of  64  expressing  an  opinion  on  III  favorable  to  the  combined  course,  30  f:ivor  the 
prescription  of  coui*ses  of  the  "second  type"  indicated  in  that  question  and  34  oppose  such 
a  prescription  or  hold  the  distinction  immaterial. 

Of  28  who  oppose  the  combined  course,  19  prefer  work  of  the  "second  type"  and  9  hold 
the  distinction  immaterial. 


At  the  meeting  of  the  Association  of  American  Universities  in  November  your  com- 
mittee will  present,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing,  a  brief  discussion  of  the  combined  course 
and  related  questions,  together  with  several  resolutions  whose  purpose  is  to  discover  in  how 
far  an  agreement  of  opinion  has  been  reached. 

WILLIAM  L.  BRYAN, 
HORACE  A.  HOFFMAN, 
ENOCH  G.  HOGATE, 
CARL  H.  EIGENMANN, 
WILLIAM  J.  MOENKHAUS, 
SAMUEL  B.  HARDING, 

Committee. 
Bloomington,  Indiana,  October  15,  1910. 


!X     ACADKMIC     AXD     !»KOFESSIONAL    \Vl>HK  SI 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  THE  "COMBINED 

COURSE" 


TIu'  followiiii;-  partial  hihlici^rnphy  of  the  "('oiubine<l  (  oursi-"  wa^  prt- })!iri<l  by  MIk^^ 
Mary  Dunham,  Ket"i  rcru-i-  Librarian  of  Indiana  ITniversitv-  Miss  Dunham  was  aasisti'fl 
in  thr  work  by  Miss  Anna  B.  Gelston,  Catalotriur  in  the  Library,  antl  by  Professor  fl.  A. 
Hoffman,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts.  The  summaries  which  Prof.  Hoffman  tixu\ 
Miss  Gelston  prepared  are  signed  with  their  initials. 

The  numerals  in  italic,  which  follow  the  inclusive  paging,  refer  to  that  portion  of  the  article  which 
bears  directly  on   the  subject. 

Adams,  C.  K.      The  next  step  in  education.      Forum,  vol.  10  (18t)l),  pp.  61H-(Vi^. 

Fp.  6^7-(JS0. 

A  four  years'  professional  coiirse,  preceded  by  at  lea.st  two  years  of  college  work,  should  be  required 
for  the  professional  degree. 

Aineriom  Academy  of  Medicine.  Committee  on  the  value  of  thi-  first,  def^ree.  U»'- 
port.  Bidlctin  of  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  1907,  pp.  lUS-Ji^H.  Appendix  in- 
cludes replies  to  circular  letter. 

Hai.l.  WiNFiEi.n  S. ;  Hawley.  Donley  C;  McIvtvri:,  Chaki.es;  Committee.— The  combine*!  t-tiursr 
of  sf/v'n  yc>ir;>  should  be  acccj)ted.  .Most  of  the  con.bined  degrees  are  offered  from  the  larger  institutions 
with  rather  a  high  entrance  examination  and  a  wealth  of  clectives,  at  least  in  the  Junior  and  Senior  years. 
Your  committee  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  pupil  would  have  a  more  rounded  training  were  he  to  elect  »ome 
other  studies,  secure  his  first  degree,  and  then  enter  upon  the  medical  course.  This  takes  anotlK-r  year, 
and  if  he  wishes  to  save  that  year,  the  coniniittce  thinks  his  education  would  be  more  rounded  slM)uid  ht- 
enter  a  smaller  college  with  slightly  lower  entrance  requirements,  and  take  its  full  course.  The  scheme 
of  two  years  in  the  undergraduate  department  on  specialized  studies  for  medicine,  and  the  A.R.  d«"gree 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year  of  the  medical  course  is  such  an  innovation  and  apparently  >k)  foreign  to 
the  canon  of  liberal  culture  that  your  committee  suggests  that  it  be  not  accepted  by  the  Academy  as  evi- 
dence of  a  proj)er  preliminary  training,  for  the  present  at  least.  There  follows  a  supplementary  report 
by  this  same  committee  on  The  Academic  Training  for  Medicine.  This  report  is  ba.<*cd  u|>on  repliej<  to  a 
circular  letter  sent  to  many  college  presidents  and  other  leading  educators,  not  physlcian.s.  A  hirgr 
number  of  these  replies  are  printed  in  an  appendix  to  the  report.  These  replies  represent  c<msiderahle  va- 
riety of  opinion,  but  most  of  them  agree  that  in  some  way,  .somewhere,  time  should  Ix-  wivcd.  By  far 
the  greater  number  of  replies  express  the  opinion  that  the  medical  collegers  are  not  treating  the  literary 
and  scientitir  colleges  fairly  by  not  accepting  the  work  done  by  their  students  in  chemistry  and  hiolog_\ 
for  what  it  is  really  worth.  The  committee  concludes  tli.tt  probably  the  time  is  ripe  for  a  recasting  of 
our  educational  scheme.  S»iggestions  are  givin  tor  changes  that  should  be  made.  A  cnnferencr  «)f  n-jv- 
resentatives  from  the  varietus  fields  of  education  is  suggested.  ,\mong  other  things  it  is  suggested  that 
there  should  be  a  campaign  of  wlucation  leading  to  the  removal  from  the  statute  t>ooks  of  provi.sions 
which  define  the  acquirement  of  a  medical  education  in  terms  of  tim<-  sjx-nt  in  a  naedical  9cb<H>l. - 
H.   A.    H. 

American    Academy    of    Medicine.      Connnittee  to  formulate  the  results  of  tlie  cf)nfer- 
cnce  with  colletrcs.     Report.     Bulletin  of  American  Academy  of  Medicine.  1JM)S,  pp.  457 
463. 

Varying  opinions  of  members  of  the  committee:  Dr.  J.  L.  Ueffron;  Vyr.  Joweph  H.  RnymoiKl: 
Rev.  A.  IJ.  Church,  President  of  Buchtel  College;    I'rof.  K.  W.  Blake,  Lehigh  ITniversity. 

(6] 


82  REPORT    OX    COMBINED     COURSES 

American  Bar  Association.  Committee  on  le^al  education  and  admissions  to  the  bar. 
Report.     American  Bar  Association.     Report,  1903,  pp.  395-428.     Pp.  I^07-J^28. 

"Your  committee  is  not  prepared  to  advocate  tlie  requirement  of  an  academic  degree  as  a  qualifi- 
cation for  admission  to  the  bar  .  .  .  We  do  not  now  feel  called  upon  to  express  ourselves  as  either  for 
or  against  a  requirement  of  a  college  degree  as  a  condition   of  admission   to  the  law  schools." 

American  Bar  Association.     Committee  on  legal  education  and  admissions  to  the  bar. 

Report.     American  Bar  Association.     Report,  1907,  pp.  518-598.     Pp.  52:2-5^5. 
Advocates  general  education  equivalent  to  at  least  two  years  of  a  college  course. — A.  B.  G. 

Ashley,  C.  D.  Legal  education  and  preparation  therefor.  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion.     Report,  1901,  pp.  524-537.     Discussion,  pp.  480-4-87. 

Law  schools  should  not  exact  college  degrees;  the  college  courses  should  be  shortened  rather  than  the 
professional.  In  the  discussion.  Judge  McClain  of  Iowa  urges  that  college  credits  be  given  for  law  school 
work. 

Bacon,  T.  R.  Relation  of  a  college  course  to  the  professional  schooLs.  National 
Educational  Association,  Proceedings,  1895,  pp.  665-671.     Pp.  669-671. 

Historical  sketch  of  professional  schools  pp.  665-fi68.  The  shortening  of  the  college  course  is  of  weight 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  individual.  There  is  need  of  better  trained  professional  men;  the  college 
course  should  include  related  studies,  giving  the  philosophy  and  history  of  a  subject  rather  than  the 
technique,   without  shortening  the   time   of  professional  training. 

Baker,  A.  R.  The  question  of  academic  seniors  in  absentia  in  professional  schools. 
Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges,  Proceedings,  1908,  pp.  40-45.  Discussion, 
pp.  45-48. 

In  certain  institutions  college  seniors  may  be  granted  leave  of  absence  to  enter  medical  schools  and 
at  the  end  of  the  first  year's  work  obtain  their  B.A.  While  this  is  the  most  rational  thing  to  do  under 
present  conditions,  the  time  requirements  of  academic  schools  should  be  shortened. 

Baldwin,  S.  E.  The  readjustment  of  the  collegiate  to  the  professional  course.  Amer- 
ican Bar  Association.  Reports,  1898,  pp.  575-602.  (Reprinted  in  U.  S.  Comm.  of  Ed- 
ucation Report,  1899-1900,  v.  1,  pp.  615-628.)      Discussion,  pp.  493-501. 

Within  the  last  25  years,  the  professional  course  and  the  preparatory  courses  have  each  been  length- 
ened a  full  year;  the  college  course  has  remained  unabridged;  public  sentiment  will  demand  a  reduction  in 
the  time  spent.  By  shortening  the  college  course  one  year,  an  additional  year  for  professional  study  is 
gained. — A.  B.  G. 

Baldwin,  S.  E.  Three  years  enough  for  colleg-e  course.  Independent,  1900,  pp. 
1778-1780.     P.  1779. 

The  Senior  year's  work  differs  little  from  that  of  the  first  year  of  a  professional  school,  where  the 
studies  can  be  followed  to  better  advantage,  and  one  year's  time  saved. 

Benedict,  A.  L. ;  Risley,  S.  D. ;  Mclntire,  Charles.  Time  allowance  in  the  combined 
collegiate  and  medical  course.  Bulletin  of  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  1902,  pp. 
121-154;    1903,  pp.  343-346. 

Questionnaire  with  tabulated  results.  Extracts  from  letters  and  summary  of  conclusions  favoring  a 
combined  course. 


IN     ACADEMIC     AND     I'KOFESSIONAL     WOKK  8S 

Bevan,  .V.  1).  -Meiliciil  cdiualioii  in  tlic  United  Stattv, ;  tin  nfid  of  a  unit'onn  sUnd- 
ard.      American    Medical   Associution   Journal,  1908'-.  pp.  5(j6-571.     Pp.  o6lf-f>70. 

The  prtliirinary  etliicvitional  rccpiirrments  of  tntdicnl  stuclciits  in  (Ircat  Hritain  ami  Gennany  arc  con- 
sidered and  contrasted  witli  tlio  lack  of  a  uniform  standard  in  the  I'nited  States.  "Our  medical  schools 
are  the  best  and  the  worst  in  the  world."  "In  the  framing  of  a  hroid  university  scheme  of  meilical  edu- 
cation, the  requirement  of  a  college  degree  of  nil  medical  students  should  not  he  considered  by  us  in 
America,  any  more  than  it  has  been  in  CSreat  liritain  or  Germany."  A  minimum  standard  is  suggested, 
instead  of  the  time-consuming  degree  recjuirement. 

Billincrs,  Frank.  .Medical  education  in  the  United  States.  Science,  1908,  pp.  761- 
TT.'i.     Pp.  769-770.      (Reprinted  in  Medical  Herald,  July,  190:J.) 

"This  telescoping  of  the  literary  and  medical  courses  affords  the  advantage  of  an  economy  of  time, 
while  it  does  not  in  any  way  lessen  the  value  of  the  result  to  the  student." 

Broun,  E.  E.  The  length  of  the  baccalaureate  course  and  preparation  for  the  pro- 
fessional schools.      Historical  sketch.      National  Educational  Association  PrfK-eedings,  1903, 

pp.  489-495.     Pp.  JfOJ^-'tUo.     Biblio.crraphy,  p.  495. 

Gives  early  history  and  sketches  briefly  the  "Harvard  Plan." 

Brvan,  W.  L.  Standards  of  admission  to  the  medical  schools.  Association  of  Amer- 
ican ^Medical  Colleircs.      Procei'dinLfs,  1908,  pp.  86-37.      Discussion,  pp.  38   39. 

The  consensus  of  opinion  is  that  two  years  of  college  work  is  a  necessary  preliminary,  but  students 
should  he  able  to  enter  the  professional  schools  by  examination. 

Butler,  N.  M.  Length  of  the  baccalaureate  course  and  preparation  for  the  profes- 
sional schools.      National  Educational   Association,  Proceedings,  1903,  pp.  500-504. 

The  baccalaureate  degree  is  not  standardized;  it  should  not  be  made  part  of  professional  training. 
A  two  years'  course  for  those  who  take  professional  work  is  advocated,  and  the  "combined  course"  is  re- 
garded as  "disastrous  to  the  integrity  of  the  college  course." 

Butler,  N.  M.  Report  from  committee  on  higher  education — professional  and  tech- 
nical instruction  in  the  university.  National  Educational  As.sociation,  Proceedings,  1894, 
pp.  619-624.     Discussion,  nn.  623-624. 

".My  propositions,  therefore,  are  the.se:  1.  The  genuine  universities  owe  it  to  themselves  to  offer  the 
broadest  possible  training  for  the  professions.  This  training  must  be  based  on  a  preparatory  liberal  edu- 
cation, such  as  a  college  course  affords.  2.  All  professional  and  technical  schools,  not  connected  with  uni- 
versities, and  not  requiring  a  college  education  for  admission,  should  make  a  place  in  tlicir  curricula  for 
a   representation  of  liberal  studies." 

Carpenter,  W.  II.  The  combined  course.  Bulletin  of  American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, 1909,  pp.  344-353.  Discussion,  pp.  353-357.  (Reprinted  in  the  Proceedings,  As- 
sociation of  American  Medical  ColU  ges,  1909,  pp.  27-40.) 

Dr.  Carpenter  explains  the  Columbia  plan,  which  allows  two  years  of  Medicine  to  count  on  the  col- 
lege course,  and  defends  that  plan.  He  also  believes  in  the  similar  comliincd  course  for  Arts-I,aw,  and 
Arts  or  .Science  with  Knginecring.  These  courses  do  not  weaken  the  collcce  and  they  strengthen  the 
professional  schools.  The  discussion  which  follows,  is,  on  the  whole,  favor/dile  to  the  view  set  forth  in 
the  paper. — H.  .V.   H. 

Columbia  l^niversity.  rnsid.iit's  .\.inual  Report,  1899,  p.  36;  1902.  })p.  29-49; 
1903,  pp.  23-34;   1904,  pp.  17-22;   1905,  pp.  11-19;    1908,  pp.  46-54. 


84  REPORT    OX     COMBINED    COURSES 

Colwell,  N.  P.  A  statement  of  the  entrance  requirements  and  the  didactic  and  lab- 
oratory portions  of  the  medical  course  at  colleges  requiring  preparatory  studies  beyond 
the  high  school  course  equivalent  to  one  or  more  years  at  college.  Bulletin  of  American 
Academy  of  Medicine,  1909,  pp.  l-i3-152. 

Takes  up  the  requirements  of  the  fifteen  medical  colleges  which  require  for  entrance  the  equivalent 
of  one  or  more  years  in  a  college  of  liberal  arts. 

Cornell  University.     President's  Report,  1906-07,  pp.  S7-4o ;    1907-08,  pp.  21-23. 

Davis,  N.  S.  Requirements  for  admission  to  medical  schools.  American  Medical 
Association  Journal,  1903^,  pp.'  409-4-10. 

"I  believe  that  graduates  of  our  best  high  schools  and  preparatories  have  as  much  general  education 
as  need  be  demanded,  but  the  ideal  course  for  medical  students  is  a  combined  one  of  six  years,  leading 
to  both  the  degrees  of  B.S.  or  A.B.  and  M.D." 

Dodson,  J.  M.  Combined  course  for  the  degree  of  A.B.,  or  B.S.,  and  M.D.  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association  Journal,  1909S  PP-  1637-1645. 

The  plan  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  custom  of  granting  advanced  standing  on  the  medical  course  to 
holders  of  a  baccalaureate  degree  who  had  completed  in  their  collegiate  course  some  of  the 
studies  of  the  medical  curriculum.  It  is  a  logical  outcome  of  the  elective  system.  The  sciences  included 
in  the  first  two  years  of  the  medical  curriculum  have  in  part  been  recognized  college  subjects  for  many 
years,  and  all  of  these  sciences,  if  properly  taught,  are  just  as  legitimate  a  part  of  the  college  course  as 
the  other  sciences  which  have  long  held  a  place  among  college  studies.  To  count  these  subjects  toward 
an  A.B.  or  B.S.  degree  does  not  lower  the  standard  or  essentially  change  the  character  of  the  college 
course  from  that  in  which  other  sciences  may  be  elected  in  the  last  two  years.  The  fundamental  medical 
sciences  have  as  much  cultural  value  as  other  subjects.  Nor  does  the  combined  course  degrade  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.  On  the  contrary,  it  has  elevated  the  standards  for  that  degree.  The  work  of  the  first  two 
years  is  done  in  a  more  scientific  and  thorough  way  in  the  colleges  of  today  than  in  the  old  time  med- 
ical school.  It  has  also  been  the  means  of  raising  entrance  requirements  to  the  medical  schools.  Under 
present  laws  and  rulings  of  state  medical  boards  the  combined  course  works  to  the  disadvantage  of  the 
detached  colleges.  These  regulations  should  be  changed  and  the  medical  schools  should  recognize,  both  in 
tin-.e  and  subject  credit,  any  and  all  good  work  done  by  the  college  in  the  medical  branches — Chemistry, 
Histology,  Embryology,  etc. — H.  A.  H. 

Dodson,  J.  M.      The  combined  course  leading  to  the  degrees  of  A.B.  or  B.S.,  and  of 

M.D.     Science,  1909^,  pp.  709-710. 

The  combined  course  has  not  degraded,  nor  lessened,  the  significance  of  the  Bachelor's  degree.  When 
this  plan  was  first  projected  but  a  single  one  of  the  one  hundred  sixty  or  more  medical  schools  exacted 
anything  beyond  a  high  school  diploma. 

Dodson,  J.  M.  Preliminary  education  which  should  be  completed  by  a  student  who 
contemplates  entering  a  professional  school.      School  Review,  1904,  pp.  10—14. 

"The  intending  medical  student  should  have,  as  a  very  minimum,  two  years  of  collegiate  work,  such 
as  is  provided  in  the  combined  course  for  the  Bachelor's   and   medical   degrees." 

Eliot,  C.  W.  Length  of  the  baccalaureate  course  and  preparation  for  the  profes- 
sional schools.      National  Educatinnnl  Association,  Proceedings,  1903.  pp.  496-500. 

As  the  secondary  schools  have  improved,  the  college  course  may  be  shortened  to  three  years  instead 
of  four  and  the  A.B.  required  for  admission  to  professional  schools.  (The  "Harvard  Plan"). 


IN     ACADKMIC     ANI>     I'UOFBSSIDN  Al.     WOKK  85 

Eliot,  C  W.      The  requirviiients  for  iulniis>ion  to  protVssionul  sclmoU.      Association  of 

American  Univorsities.      Fourth  Annual  Confirencc.  19()ii,  pp.  80-35.     Pp.  ;i3-ii5.     Dis- 

ca«^sion,  pp.  48-52. 

If,  l)y  raising  entrance  requirements,  pecuniary  loss  would  result,  "it  would  be  eniphatienlly  the  duty 
of  the  universities  to  incur  the  loss."  The  experiment  entered  upon  by  Harvard  University  has  been  thus 
far  absolutely  successful. 

Flexner,  Abniham.  Tin-  proper  basis  of  iiiL-dical  education.  Medical  Education  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada  (1910),  Chapter  II,  pp.  HO-'H .  Carnegie  Foundation  for 
the  Advancement  of  Teachinsj,  Bulletin  \o.  4. 

Frazier,  C.  H.  What  mininuini  rei|uireinents  should  he  })rescribe(l  for  admission  to 
medical  schools.^     New  York   (State)  University-      lle<:reiits  Bulletin  No.  64,  42d  ('onvo- 

cation,  1904,  pp.  245-254.     Pp.  2I^9-^f>().     Discu.ssion,  pp.  254-261. 

The  adoption  of  the  high  school  diploma  as  a  minimum  entrance  requirement  by  medical  colleges 
is  in  itself  a  distinct  advance;  but  for  a  projicr  understanding  and  a|)preciation  of  the  medical  sciences 
as  expounded  today,  more  than  a  secondary  school  education  is  required.  The  ideal  preparatory  course 
is  not  necessarily  that  of  four  years  in  a  college  of  liberal  arts,  but  one  which  leads  uji  to  and  is  es- 
sentially preparatory  to  the  study  of  Medicine.  In  a  combined  Arts-. Medicine  course  it  would  be  better, 
if  feasible,  to  distribute  both  the  liberal  studies  and  the  medical  studies  over  the  first  four  years  of  a 
six  years'  course,  associating  classical  with  medical  studies  during  the  first  four  years.  The  prepared- 
ness of  the  student  for  medical  studies  should  be  determined  by  examinations  conducted  by  boards  un- 
ailUiated  with  medical  schools. — H.  A.  H. 

Oilman,  D.  C      The  shortening  of  the  college  curricuhnu.     Educational  Revilw ,  1H9T, 

pp.  1-7.     Pp.  3-5. 

The  college  course  may  be  shortened,  the  preparatory  school  work  reorganized,  eliminating  waste,  but 
a  B.A.  should  be  required  of  professional  students. 

Hall,  J.  N.  Standard  of  admission  to  professional  schools.  National  Educational 
Association.  Proceedings,  1895,  pp.  661-665.      Pp.  653-605. 

A  shorter  college  course  (to  be  finished  when  student  is  19),  omitting  advanced  Latin,  Greek  and 
Mathematics,  but  valuable  for  professional  study,  is  suggested. 

Harper,  W .  R.  Length  of  the  baccalaureate  course  a!id  prej)aration  for  the  profes- 
sional schools.      National  Educational  Association,  Proceedings,  1903,  pp.  504-509. 

1.  The  first  two  years  of  college  work  are  of  scoj>e  and  character  of  high  school  work.  5.  With  im- 
provements of  prcj)aratory  work  students  may  enter  college  younger.  3.  The  entrance  requirements  should 
be  reduced  instead  of  increased  as  by  the  three  years'  course  policy,  l.  The  time  requirement  should  be 
flexible.  5.  The  college  should  not  be  subordinated  to  the  professional  school,  as  all  students  do  not  expect 
to  enter. 

Harvard  University.  Reports  of  the  President  and  Treasurer,  1901-02,  pp.  29-31; 
1908-09,  pp.  169-170. 

Heffron,  J.  L.      Can  tiu."  college  give  as  electives  in  the  .Funior  and  Senior  veirs  nny 

of  the  work  require*!  in  the  fir.^l   Iwo  years  of  the  course  in  medicine.''      Bulletin  of  Amer- 

xciin  .Academy  of  Medicine,  1909,  pp.  162-178.      Discussion,  pp.  178-201. 

Gi%'es  the  results  of  a  questionnaire  .sent  to  f\fty-three  colli ges  not  nfTili!»ted  with  medical  schf>ols  and 
to  the  deans  of  twenty-five  medical  colleges.  The  consensus  of  opinion  is  that  such  colleges  as  can  meet 
the  requirements  should  be  encouraged  to  include  in  the  curricula  the  two  full  years  of  sciences  required 
In   a  course   in    .Medicine. 


86  EEPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

HGiTipl,  GeorQv.      The  passincf  of  the  four-year  period.     Forum,  1899S  pp-  221-2J27. 

The  three  years'  college  course  with  degree  awarded  at  the  end  of  the  first  year  in  the  professional 
school  has  resulted  in  the  increase  of  the  number  of  jirofessional  students  holding  a  Bachelor's  degree.  As 
a  similar  plan  must  be  employed  with  those  students  in  the  graduate  school,  its  result  is  that  the  four 
years'  college  course  has  given  way  to  the  three  years'  course.  This  change  benefits  both  the  individual 
and  the  college,  in  that  it  gives  the  student  a  liberal  cdiication  before  entering  on  the  special  training  and 
increases  the  number  of  students  doing  real  graduate  work,  building  up  real  universities,  while  it  makes 
the  institutions  which  do  not  offer  similar  courses,  colleges  of  a  fairly  uniform  grade. 

Hemp],   Gcori»;e.       The   thrcc-3'ear  undei-gradunU"   pci-iod   its   afFoctino;  our  scholastic 

organization.      Educational  Review,  1897-,  pp.  433— 150.     Pp.  J^IfS-.^d. 

A  three  years'  college  course  would  strengthen  the  graduate  and  professional  schools.  The  combined 
course  is  merely  a  temporizing  expedient,  and  is  unj  nst  to  the  student  who  is  not  to  enter  a  profession. 
The  prartice  of  giving  double  credit  for  work  makes  ridiculous  the  university's  ]iretension  of  distinguishing 
between   humanistic   and   professional   training. 

Howell,  W.  H.  Medical  school  as  part  of  the  university.  Science,  1909^,  pp.  129-140. 
P.  132. 

In  the  medical  schools  forming  parts  of  universities,  instruction  has  been  raised  to  university  level, 
and  should  couTit  toward  the  academic  degree.  Also  many  graduate  courses  are  quite  as  technical  as 
those  given  in  the  preparatory  sciences  in  the  medical  schools,  and  for  one,  as  for  the  other,  it  is  short- 
sighted to  assume  that  they  are  devoid  of  a  general  educational  value. — A.  B.  G. 

Hurd,  H.  M.  The  duty  and  responsibility  of  the  university  in  education.  Science, 
1903-,  pp.  65-76.     Pp.  71-73. 

Two  theories  on  the  question:  "How  shall  medicine  be  studied?"  The  combined  course:  "The  Bach- 
elor's degree  will  be  considered  a  preliminary  to  entering  the  medical  school,  the  studies  of  the  college  will 
be  so  combined  with  those  of  the  medical  school  as  to  permit  the  student  to  complete  his  medical  course 
within  six  years  after  he  has  entered  college."  The  other  theory  is  to  pursue  the  college  course  for  gen- 
eral culture  and  if  the  student  has  leisure  this  offers  the  best  promise  of  a  true  education. 

Jackson,  Edv\  ard.  Preliminary  and  graduation  requirements  for  the  medical  course 
in  terms  of  work  done.  Bulletin  of  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  1909,  pp.  208-217. 
Discission,  pp.  218-230. 

Division  of  opinion  as  to  advantages  of  the  combined  course.  "Obviously  certain  objections."  "Credit 
should  be  givt-n  toward  the  M.D.  for  work  from  atiy  source,  before  the  last  two  years  of  clinical  work, 
so  long  as  it  is  good."  "The  six-year  plan  should  be  only  transitory.  It  is  not  the  highest  standard." — 
A.  B.  G. 

Jordan.  1).  S.  The  American  medical  school  and  its  entrance  requirement.  Bulletin 
of  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  1908,  pp.  489-497.  (Reprinted  from  California  St^te 
Journal  of  Medicine,  October,  1908.  Reprinted,  in  part,  in  Bulletin  of  American  Academy 
of  Medicine.  1908,  pp.  f29-33.) 

Medicine  must  be  taught  by  the  method  which  science  teachers  have  found  most  effective  and  the 
stxidy  of  its  practice  must  follow  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  sciences  on  which  its  art  depends.  Only 
the  medical  colleges  can  live  which  become  integral  parts  of  universities.  Mere  high  school  preparation 
for  the  medical  course  is  not  sufficient  to  give  the  spirit  or  the  view-point  of  a  scientific  man.  The  four 
years  of  a  college  course  spent  primarily  on  Physiology,  Biology  and  Chemistry,  and  secondarily  on  Lan- 
guages, Literature  and  History,  do  give  such  training  in  a  generous  degree.  It  is  urged,  however,  that 
such  a  college  course  followed  by  a  four  years'  course  in  Medicine  keeps  the  student  out  of  his  profession 
too  long,  'to  obviate  this,  some  have  proposed  a  shortening  of  the  collcjie  i.-o)n-st'.  others  Itnve  adopted  the 
combined  course.  It  is  believed  by  some,  the  present  writer  among  others,  that  the  universities  of  Amer- 
ica should  begin  with  the  Junior  year,  leaving  the  Freshman  and  Sophomore  years  to  the  colleges  and  the 


IN     ACADEMK      AN!)     PKOKF.SSIONA  L    WORK  87 

largor  liifih  schnols  and  prt-piiratory  schools.  By  tliis  iirran^rnni'iit  all  tin-  work  of  tin-  imivj-rsitirs  should 
be  regardfd  as  professional.  In  this  case  the  coiir.-.e  in  Medicine  should  be  lengthened  to  live  years,  by 
inclusion  of  courses  in  science.  The  course  in  Law  should  be  lengthen>-d  to  four  years  by  inclusioii  of  llis- 
tory,  Kconomics,  and  Political  Science.  A  similar  extension  should  be  made  in  the  j-ourses  in  l".ngin«'ering. 
The  final  settlement  of  the  matter  will,  in  the  writer's  judgment,  be  along  the  lines  indicated.  The  ex- 
pedients adopted  at  present  are  merely  an  intermediate  step  toward  the  goal  indicated  above. — H.  A.  H. 

Lie,  F.  II.      Prtpurution  foi-  thv  study  ot"  nicdiciiu.      Coluinhiu  Univcrsitv  Quarterly, 

1901,  pp.  o.'^iofi.    Pp.  10 2- 1  or,. 

"Not  less  than  two,  and  still  better,  three,  years  should  be  spent  in  college  in  preliminary  study. 
.  .  .  Columbia  ...  by  making  the  eoti.bined  collegiate  and  professional  training  to  e\ten«i  over  n 
period  of  seven  years  has  .solved  the  problem  in  a  satisfactory  manner." 

Lee,  F.  S.  What  medical  subjcct.s  can  be  t.ui^ht  efficiently  in  the  literary  schools? 
New  York  Medical  Journnl,  l^Ov^i,  p}).  910-91  J). 

The  training  given  by  a  college  is  fundamentally  different  from  that  given  by  the  medical  .school; 
pure  science  may  be  given  by  the  college;  .Medicine  is  an  applied  .science;  the  colleges  can  give  iidroduc- 
tory  courses,  but  no  credit  should  be  given  in  medical  sch.)ols  for  work  done  in  strictly  medical  subjects 
in  literary  colleges.  To  shorten  the  time,  "let  the  student  count  toward  his  baccalaureate  his  first  or  first 
two  years  in  a  School  of  Medicine     .     .     .     hut  let  us  not  allow  the  reverse." 

Lefevre,  Ej^^bert,  Dr.  Discussion.  New  York  (Stute)  University,  Rej^enth  Bulletin, 
No.  61,  le.'d  Convocation,  !9(^K  j^p.  ^.)-i  ft". 

Universities  with  medical  departments  are  able  to  give  the  baccalaureate  degree  and  the  degree 
of  M.D.  in  seven  years  by  allowing  the  student  to  take  the  first  year  of  the  medical  course  in  his  .Senior 
year  as  elective.  Independent  colleges  sh  )ul(l  he  on  the  same  footing  as  the  universities  and  their  stu- 
dents should  not  be  discriminated  against,  or  temjited  to  leave  before  finishing  their  undtrgradtiate  course. 
Time  credits  should  not  be  given  n.erely  because  a  sttident  has  the  baccalaureate  degree,  but  it  is  imper- 
ative that  certain  specific  subjects  be  included  in  bis  baccalaurcite  work.  In  order  to  pre|)are  the  stu- 
dent for  the  medical  course  these  subjects  should  be  taught  with  that  end  in  view.  This  does  not  de- 
mnnd  that  they  be  taught  as  technical  subjects;  they  can  be  taught  from  the  standpoint  of  pure  sciences. 
The  colleges  should  not  be  compelled  to  teach  jjractical  Anatomy.  \  comprehensive  course  in  Compara- 
tive Anatomy,  including  dissection  of  the  manunals,  would  prepare  the  students  to  complete  during  their 
second  year  the  practical  Anatomy  of  both  the  first  and  second  years.  There  is  a  basis  on  which  it  is 
possible  to  admit  students  who  have  taken  the  medical  preparatory  course  in  the  undergraduate  college 
to  the  second  year  of  the  medical  schools  without  in  any  degree  lowering  the  standard  of  the  n'.edical 
education  or  introducing  into  the  baccalaureate  course  subjects  that  have  no  right  there.-  -II.  ;\.  H. 

Lewis,  F.  T.  The  preparation  for  the  studv  of  medicine.  Popular  Science  Montlily. 
1909-,  pp.  6/5-74.     Pp.  IS-K]^. 

"Students  should  be  warned  against  believing  that  the  \\.\.  dcgr«e  may  be  earned  by  two  years  of 
college  work.  This  low  standard,  thinly  disguised  by  the  fact  that  the  degree  is  not  given  the  Htudent 
till  he  has  spent  two  years  in  the  medical  school,  has  been  udoj)ted  by  numy  colleges." 

Lonfj,  .1.  II.      Preliminary  medicnl  education.      Science,  1907\  pf).  157-4'64.      Ba.sed 

on  a  report  to  the  American  Medical  Association,  presented  April  29,  1907. 

The  committee  sent  ?i  circular  letter  to  all  the  colleges,  universities  and  technical  schools  suggesting  a 
year's  preliminary  training  in  Biology,  Chemistry,  Physics  and  Modern  Languages  for  inteiuling  mi-dical 
students,  outlining  the  coiir.ses  and  asking  whether  the  work  could  be  arranged.  The  replies  are  not  given 
in  detail.  k 

Low,  Scth.      Addres'  on  the  relation  of  professional  schools  to  the  university.     National 

Educational  A.ssociation,  Proceedinjx^,  189.'i.  pp.  146-149. 

In  e(pii)in  ent  and  chirarter  tin*  professional  school  connected  with  a  university  is  best  adapted  for 
obtaining  a  professional  education. 


88  RKPOJIT    OX     COMBINE';'-     COURSES 

Mclntire,  C      Should  credit  be  given  in  tlie  medic;d  course  for  prcliminar}'  studies 

beyond  the  entrance  requirements?      Bulletin   of  American   Academy   of   Medicine,   1907, 

pp.  134.-143." 

The  physician  needs  a  broad  training  as  a  basis  for  his  professional  work.  This  is  best  secured  by 
a  college  course.  It  seems  wise  to  offer  every  possible  inducement  to  secure  this  training  for  medical 
students.  Some  institutions  have  adopted  the  combined  course  where  the  first  year  medical  studies  are 
offered  as  electives  to  the  Seniors  of  the  academic  department,  awarding  the  Bachelor's  degree  at  the  end 
of  the  first  medical  year.  With  our  present  educational  system,  I  can  conceive  of  nothing  more  pernicious 
or  misleading.  The  combined  course  drops  the  culture  studies  at  the  time  of  times  when  they  should  be 
continued,  and  substitutes  technical  subjects  for  them.  It  is,  in  effect,  passing  a  man  into  his  medical 
course  at  the  end  of  the  Junior  year  (in  some  colleges  at  its  beginning)  with  the  culture  course  unfin- 
ished and  labeling  him  falsely.  You  are  making  the  physician  at  the  expense  of  the  man.  In  his  opening 
address  before  the  42d  University  Convocation  of  the  State  of  New  York,  in  1901,  the  Honorable  White- 
law  Reid,  referring  to  the  expected  discussion  of  this  subject,  said:  "I  may  venture  beforehand  on  this 
territory  long  enough  to  express  the  iiope  that  neither  in  their  discussion,  nor  in  any  other  under  these 
auspices  shall  any  decision  Ibe  reached  to  call  fifty  cents  a  dollar,  whether  in  your  coinage  or  in  your 
scholarship."  While  Dr.  Mclntire  is  opposed  to  the  combined  course  and  to  allowing  the  first  year  of 
the  medical  course  to  count  as  the  fourth  year  of  the  college  course,  he  is  in  favor  of  allowing  medical 
credit  for  medical  subjects  taken  in  college,  so  that  some  college  graduates,  who  have  taken  the  proper 
scientific  subjects  in  their  college  course  may  complete  the  medical  course  in  three  years.  In  conclusion 
he  says:  A  college  training  is  eminently  desirable  for  the  preparation  of  the  material  out  of  which  the 
physician  is  to  be  made.  Taking  professional  subjects,  taught  for  the  technology  in  a  professional  school, 
is  not  a  college  or  liberal  education,  and  giving  a  culture  degree  for  studies  pursued  technically  is  a 
mistake.  Science  studies  can  be  used  for  liberal  culture,  and  fit  the  student  to  pass  at  once  into  ad- 
vanced work  in  the  same  subjects.  Time  allowance  should  be  made  when  such  subjects  have  been  taken, 
especially  if  in  conjunction  with  the  broadening  training  of  the  college  course.  The  medical  and  other 
profes8ional  schools  ought  to  foster  by  every  means  in  their  power  the  men  who  so  prepare  themselves 
for  their  life  work. — H.  A.  H. 

Main,  J.  H.  T.  College  sul)jecLs:  medical  credit.  Bulletin  of  American  Academy  of 
Medicine,  1907,  pp.  97-103.     Reprinted  from  The  Grinnell  Review,  April,  1906. 

Medical  credit  should  be  given  for  work  in  colleges  when  the  work  meets  the  requirements  de- 
manded by  medical  standards.  State  Boards  of  Medical  Examiners  are  not  justified  in  refusing  to 
accept  such  work  when  it  is  in  the  proper  subjects  and  up  to  the  standard  of  similar  work  given  in 
the  medical  schools.  Whether  the  work  is  up  to  the  standard  can  be  ascertained  by  the  Board  of  Ex- 
aminers a.s  easily  in  the  case  of  the  colleges  as  in  the  case  of  the  medical  schools.  The  consensus  of 
opinion  in  the  best  informed  quarters,  the  medical  men  themselves  being  the  judges,  is  that  properly 
equipped  colleges  can  teach  the  pure  medical  sciences.  Students  with  college  credit  have  repeatedly  dem- 
onstrated their  ability  to  pass  the  most  rigid  examinations. — H.  A.  H. 

Mercer,  W.  F.      What  can  the  college  and  the  fitting  school  do  to  aid  in  the  study  of 

medicine?      Bulletin  of  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  1908,  pp.  93-107. 

Graduation  from  college  is  the  ideal  preparation  for  a  medical  course.  Twenty-six  years  is  young 
enough  to  begin  the  practice  of  medicine.  If,  however,  it  is  rpre'-^'-.^'-y  to  ,s;n  e  a  year  or  two,  the  place  to 
save  that  time,  or  a  large  part  of  it,  is  in  the  grades  and  the  high  school.  Fewer  subjects  should  be 
taught  in  the  schools  and  these  taught  more  thoroughly.  The  time  is,  or  soon  will  be,  at  hand  in  which 
the  physician  must  be  an  educated  man,  a  man  that  knows  more  than  his  profession.  He  must  have  a 
certain  amount  of  culture.  If  we  have  to  take  less  than  graduation  from  college  for  entrance  to  a 
medical  school,  I  should  contend  for  not  less  than  two  years  of  good,  solid  college  work.  At  least  one 
of  these  years  must  be  taken  up  with  the  fundamental  medical  sciences.  These  students  should  not  be 
graduated  from  the  college  at  the  end  of  the  two  years,  nor  should  they  be  allowed  a  degree  after  two 
years  in  a  medical  college.  Let  them  go  with  the  understanding  that  they  are  making  a  sacrifice  to  save 
time.  The  literary  colleges  should  insist  as  far  as  possible  that  their  graduates  who  take  up  Medicine 
should  attend  those  medical  colleges  that  require  graduation  for  entrance.  Medical  n  en  do  not  under- 
stand and  appreciate  the  excellent  work  which  the  literary  colleges  are  doing  in  the  fundamental  medical 
sciences.  Chemistry,  Physics  and  Biology.  The  literary  colleges  are  doing  more  and  better  work  in 
these  preliminary  sciences  than  the  average  medical  college  can  possibly  do.  The  medical  colleges  should 
give  credit  for  such  work  done  in  literary  colleges.     I  would  be  the  last  man  to  ask  credit  for  work  that 


IX     ACADEMIC      AND     I'KOKKSSIONAI.    WOKK  89 

was  not  done,  but  it  does  seem  unfair  for  the  medical  men  to  ipiore  entirely  the  work  done  when,  if  they 
could  see  the  work,  they  would  admit  it  to  be  well  done.  'I'here  should  be  a  minimum  of  two  years' 
college  work  for  entrance  to  the  medical  school,  and  a  year's  time  credit  in  the  meilical  school  should 
be  given  to  those  college  graduates  who  have  clearly  done  that  amount  of  work  in  the  medical  sciences. 
— H.  A.  H. 

Miller,  VV.  McN.      Can  the  third  and  fourth  years  of  the  literary  collej^e  ^ive  tiny  <>f 

the  subjects  of  the  medical   coursi  ?      Hulletin   of   Ainericaii   AcadiMny   of   Medicine,   1909, 

pp.  153-161.      Pp.  loo-JOJ. 

"Not  only  can  the  third  and  fourth  years  of  the  college  give  some  of  the  subjects  of  the  medical 
course,  but  they  can  and  should  give  all  the  subjects  that  pertain  fundamentally  to  Medicine,  or,  in  other 
words,  they  should  give  all  the  work  of  the  medical  course  that  is  not  teclinically  applied  in  the  arts 
that  comprise  the  greater  art  of  Medicine."  Suggests  also  a  four  years'  technical  course  to  follow  the 
four  years'  pre-medical  course  with  degree  M.B.   at  end  of  first  two,  and  M.D.  at  end  of  last  two  years. 

Musscr,  J.  H.      Some  aspects  of  medical   ediiCHtion.      American   Medical   Association 

Journal,   1904.   pp.    15.S3-1540.      I\    I5ii7.      (Reprinted,   in   part,   in   Science,   1904"-,   pp. 

5i30-J237. ) 

"There  should  be  one  educational  requirement — the  equivalent  of  that  for  which  a  first-class  college 
degree  stands,  whether  received  at  a  high  school  or  university."  The  preliminary  training  should  be  in- 
sisted upon,  even  at  a  sacrifice  of  time  and  money,  as  it  will  be  tiine  saved  in  later  years  and  the  money 
outlay  is  returned  more  quickly. 

New  York  (State)  Education  Departin.-nl .  Animal  Kepoi-t,  1905,  pp.  553-554; 
1906,  pp.  327-3Ji8:    190T,  pp.  311-31}i5;    1910,  pp.  590-591. 

The  discussion  in  the  state  has  constantly  favored  the  combined  course.  Present  attitude  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  is  stated  in  the  Revised  Rules:  "A  college  or  university  may  be  registered  as  main- 
taining a  satisfactory  standing  for  one  full  year  of  Medicine  when  the  <'ombined  course  for  bnccalaureate 
and  medical  degrees  is  not  less  than  seven  years." — A.  B.  (1. 

\iprhtinf;^ale,  A.  F.      The  tendency  of  students  to  omit   the  collctre  course  tliat  they 

may  enter  professional  scluwls  direct   from  the  secondary  schools.      School  Review.  1897, 

pp.  7J5-83. 

The  lack  of  college  degree  requirement  admits  to  professional  .schools  many  who  are  unfit  and  who 
can  never  become  properly  qualified  to  practice  their  profession  on  account  of  lack  of  elementary  edu- 
cation. 

O'She.i,  M.  \.  Shortening  the  college  course:  the  social  point  of  view.  .American 
Journal  of  Soci<)lo<j;v,  1903.  pp.  746-761. 

The  plan  of  shortening  the  college  course  by  finishing  the  combined  college  and  professional  course  in 
six  years  instead  of  seven  is  moderate  and  brought  about  by  practical,  perhaps  financial  conditions,  and  by 
the  desire  of  the  student  to  enter  his  profession.  Few  appreciate  .John  Fiske's  point  "thut  the  stability 
and  constant  advance  of  the  race  require  a  continunl  lengthening  of  the  plastic  age,  so  that  each  genera- 
tion may  master  all  that  has  been  accomplished  i)V  those  who  have  gone  before."  .\  doctor  or  lawyer  in- 
sufficiently prepared  is  a  menace  to  his  community:  every  effort  should  be  made  to  lengthen  and  strengthen 
the  college  course. 

Perrin,  B.      A  shorter  college  course.      Itidependent,  1900,  p|>.  1780-1782. 

With  the  .ncademy  and  the  professional  .school  giving  more  and  more  of  general  culture  there  must 
he  a  point  when  the  ndditional  college  cours«-  becomes  a  luxury.  The  tendency  is  for  professional  schools 
to  demand  a  college  degree  for  entrance.  i)ut  the  duration  of  the  college  period  need  not  be  the  sairc  for 
all.  The  procedure  of  shortening  the  college  course  to  adapt  it  to  the  needs  of  individuals  must  be  left 
to  each  institution.  "To  sum  up,  let  the  old  rollepinte  course  be  shortened  by  those  students  who  are 
able  or  willing  or  compelled  to  do  it,  and  not  by  the  colleges  thcm.selvc,s  for  everj'body." 


90  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

Pritchett,  H.  S.  Professional  education :  why  the  pubhc  should  enforce  high  stand- 
ards.    Outlook,  1908%  pp.  870-873. 

"Low  educational  standards  are  not  only  an  injustice  to  the  public  on  its  own  account,  but  are  ab- 
solutely demoralizing  to  the  profession." 

Rhees,  Rush.  What  the  independent  colleges  think.  New  York  (State)  University, 
Regents  Bulletin  No.  64,  4<2d  Convocation,  1904,  pp.  238-245. 

If  the  medical  schools  of  the  highest  grade  can  be  induced  to  agree  to  such  a  course  as  has  been 
outlined  by  the  Regents,  well  equipped  colleges  will  be  able  to  do  the  work  suggested.  Comparative 
Anatomy  may  be  taught  in  college,  but  a  college  should  not  undertake  instruction  in  Human  Anatomy  with 
the  dissection  of  the  human  form.  There  is  also  objection  to  Pathologic  Bacteriology  in  a  college.  The 
medical  faculties,  however,  hold  it  essential  that  their  students  shall  have  had  in  the  first  year  of  their 
course  that  kind  of  training  in  Anatomy  which  can  be  got  alone  from  the  dissection  of  the  human  form. 
Unless  this  can  be  adjusted  so  that  the  medical  school  can  put  all  this  Human  Anatomy  in  the  second  year, 
the  plan  of  having  colleges  do  the  first  year  work  of  the  medical  course  does  not  seem  feasible.  We  may, 
however,  put  tlie  shoe  on  the  other  foot,  and  the  colleges  may  give  credit  toward  the  college  degrees  for 
work  in  pure  science  done  in  the  medical  school.  Have  the  prescribed  college  subjects  all  done  by  end 
of  Junior   year,   then  do   remaining  work  in  medical  school. — H.  A.  H. 

Royce,  Josiah.      The  American  college  and  life.      Science,  1909S  PP-  401-407.      Pp. 

"One  can  not  in  any  general  way  distinguish  between  the  educational  oflBces  of  technical  and  pro- 
fessional studies  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  studies  productive  of  cultivation,  on  the  other." — A.  B.  G. 

Schurman,  J.  G.  To  what  extent  should  undergraduates  be  allowed  to  take  profes- 
sional work  as  a  part  of  their  undergraduate  course  .f*  National  Association  of  State  Uni- 
versities.    Transactions,  1907,  pp.  75-78.      Discussion,  pp.  78-80. 

The  argument  is  concerned  only  with  the  integrity  of  the  liberal  arts  course.  The  policy  of  com- 
pelling the  student  to  give  his  whole  time  during  the  first  three  years  to  the  arts  course,  and  the  whole 
fourth  year  to  the  professional  course  has  been  satisfactory  at  Cornell.  President  Schurman  does  not 
individually  favor  the  larger  substitution  of  professional  for  arts  and  science  work  which  the  six  years' 
plan  involves,  i.  e.,  the  practice  of  allowing  students  to  spend  two  years  in  the  College  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  and  then  go  over  to  the  professional  school,  and  at  the  end  of  these  two  periods  of  two  years 
each,  receive  the  A.B.  degree. — A.  B.  G. 

Seymour,  T.  D.      The  three  years'  college  course.       School  Review,  1897,  pp.   709- 

720.      Pp.  718-719.      Discussion,  pp.  720-728. 

"A  sort  of  compromise  between  the  claims  of  college  and  professional  school  is  not  only  possible,  but 
actual."— A.  B.  G. 

Shaler,  N.  S.  The  use  and  limits  of  academic  culture.  Atlantic  MonthW,  1890, 
pp.  160-170.     Pp.  164-168. 

Favors  allowing  students  of  sufficient  maturity  and  scholastic  attainments  to  take  professional  work 
for  the  fourth  year  of  the  college  course.  It  will  give  new  zest  to  the  work  of  those  students  whose  in- 
terest in  purely  cultural  subjects  has  begun  to  lag,  will  make  the  transition  from  cultural  subjects  to 
professional  less  abrupt,  will  create  a  greater  union  of  interests  between  the  several  faculties  of  the 
University,  and  will  enable  the  young  man  to  begin  the  active  work  of  his  profession  one  year  sooner. 
— H.  A.  H. 

Simmons,  G.  H.  Medical  education  and  preliminary  requirements.  American  Med- 
ical Association  Journal,  1904,  pp.  1204-1210.     Pp.  1207-1210. 

The  medical  schools  vary  greatly,  in  the  length  of  the  course,  the  length  of  the  school  term,  the  time 
spent  on  different  subjects.  Until  the  high  schools  become  standardized,  the  minimum  requirements  of 
a  high  school  education  or  its  equivalent  vary.     "The  ideal  preliminary  education  would  be  a  four  years' 


IN     ACADKMIC     AND     PROFESSIONAL    WORK  ')1 

high  school  course  followed  by  two  years  of  eleetives  in  a  college  of  liberal  arts,  the  two  college  years 
to  he  devoted  to  work  more  or  less  lieariiifj  on  hut  riot  necessarily  fundamental  to,  the  medical  course. 
.  .  .  It  means  the  inclusion  of  the  scientific  ai\<l  practical,  and  the  omission  of  the  so-called  aca- 
demic." ...  If  the  universities  will  give  the  douhle  degree  for  a  two  years'  course  in  the  College  of 
Liberal  .\rt.s,  plus  four  years  in  the  professional  school,  it  will  be  ideal." 

Stevenson,   J.    J.       Tlu-    collo<«;i'   course.       Popular   Science   Monthly,    19055-04,    pp. 

202-209. 

"The  practical  shortening  of  the  college  course  to  three  years  .  .  .  is  a  confession  of  failure. 
.     .     .     Four  years  are  none  too  long  for  the  necessary  moral  and   intellectual  discipline." 

Tucker,  W.  G.      Address  <klivered  at  the  openinor  of  the  seventy-seventh  session  of 

the  Albany  Medical  C'olle.^e.      Science,  1907"-,  pp.  609-625.     Pp.  (m)-6^2. 

The  time  spent  in  preparatory  work  is  now  too  long;  the  student  will  do  well  to  go  from  the  high 
school  directly  to  the  medical  college,  or  spend  at  the  most  not  more  than  two  years  in  jntermp<1iate 
work.     .     .     .     The  old-fashioned  college  course  is  of  little  use  to  the  medical  student. 

University  of  California.      President's  Biennial  Reports,  1904-06,  p.  17. 

Vander  Veer,  Albert.  How  can  the  school  life  of  the  intending  physician  be  arranc^'il 
to  produce  the  desired  training  with  the  most  economic  expenditure  of  time.''  Hulhtin 
of  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  1908,  pp.  114-142.      Discussion,  pp.  126-142. 

Vander  ^'ecr,  Albert.      Should  the  Regents  register  college  courses  »is  the  equivalent 

oi  the  first  year  in  a  medical  school?     New  York  (State)  University.      Regents  Bulletin 

No.  64,  42d  Convocation,  1904,  pp.  ^23-236. 

An  outline  for  first  year  of  a  medical  course,  consisting  of  work  which  might  be  done  either  in  a 
college  or  medical  school,  was  prepared  by  the  Regents  and  sent  to  many  leading  educators  for  their 
opinions.  'Ihe  article  in  question  gives  this  outline  and  the  answers  received  concerning  the  acceptability 
of  this  first  year's  work.  Answers  both  favorable  and  unfavorable  are  given.  In  concluding  his  report 
of  these  answers.  Regent  Vander  Veer  says:  "I  am  ccmvinced,  in  view  of  the  information  gathered  from 
prominent  educators,  .  .  .  that  the  "time  is  near  at  hand  when  this  question  must  be  definitely 
arranged  and  that  encouragement  should  be  given  to  the  scheme  of  the  seven  years'  work  for  both  de- 
grees." There  are  various  views  on  the  subject  of  medical  education,  but  one  point  is  prominent,  namely, 
that  the  length  of  time  as  now  arranged  "is  too  long  for  a  student  to  take  four  years  in  preparatory 
school  and  then  four  years  in  college  before  beginning  his  medical  work.  There  should  be  such  a  con- 
sensus of  opinion  as  will  encourage  the  student  who  is  to  take  up  the  profession  of  medicine  to  pro- 
ceed with  his  academic  (college)  course  in  such  a  way  as  to  fit  him  more  fully  than  does  the  prepar- 
atory and  high  school  course.  The  overlap  of  one  year  allowed  bv  the  New  York  law  of  !<)(«  is  «>rrect. 
— H.   A.    H. 

Vaughan,  V.  C.  The  pari  of  the  undergraduate  college  in  preparation  for  profes- 
sional education.      Association  of  American  Universities.      Nintli  Anniinl  Cimference.  1908, 

pp.  26-31.      l)iscussi(m,  |jp.  JJl    40. 

The  medical  student  should  be  thoroughly  grounded  in  the  basic  principles  of  Chemistry,  Physics, 
Biology.  The  instruction  should  be  of  university  grade  and  the  B.A.  "should  not  be  accepted  without 
ascertaining  how  thoroughly  the  student  has  been  grounded  in  these  sciences.  Sufficient  Modern  Lan- 
guages, at  least  French  and"  German,  should  be  studied  to  read  them  intelligently,  and  it  is  the  purpose 
of  medical  educators  to  require  at  least  two  years  in  the  university  in  these  subjects  for  admission  to 
the  medical   school. 

Ward,  II.  n.     .Vddress  of  President.    Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges.     Pro 

ceedin?s,  1908,  pp.  9-eS6.      Pp.  S3-20. 

Discusses  the  Senior  in  nhtentia  degree  and  the  requirements  of  one  or  two  y<iirs  preliminary  college 
work. 


9!^  REPORT    ON    COMBINED    COURSES 

Wathen,  W.  H.  Should  the  regents  register  combined  baccalaureate  and  medical 
courses  of  otlier  states?  New  York  (State)  University.  Regents  Bulletin  No.  64,  42d 
Convocation,  1904,  pp.  237-238. 

No  time  credit  on  the  medical  course  should  be  given  for  college  work,  and  subject  credit  should 
be  given  only  upon  examination.  The  medical  school  should,  however,  have  no  concern  about  the  accept- 
ance of  the  medical  freshman  year  as  an  equivalent  for  the  work  of  the  college  senior  year.  "The  medical 
school  that  insists  on  the  privilege  of  allowing  a  time  credit  for  a  Bachelor's  degree,  or  for  work  done 
in   the  college,  is  influenced   by  commercialism." 

Welch,  W.  H.  Medicine  and  the  university.  American  Medical  Association  Jour- 
nal, 1908,  pp.  1-7.     P.  4. 

In  addition  to  the  baccalaureate  degree,  laboratory  training  in  Physics,  Chemistry  and  Biology,  and 
a  reading  knowledge  of  French  and  German  are  insisted  on  by  certain  medical  schools,  but  conditions 
are  not  ripe  for  their  general  adoption.  Various  solutions  of  the  problem  of  shortening  the  college  course 
have  been  offered,  but  none  are  entirely  successful. 

West,  A.  F.  Length  of  the  baccalaureate  course  and  preparation  for  the  profes- 
sional schools.  National  Educational  Association,  Proceedings,  1903,  pp.  509—516.  Dis- 
cussion, pp.  514—516. 

If  it  becomes  true  that  the  majority  of  young  men  cannot  stay  through  a  four  years'  course  the 
shorter  course  must  be  established.  It  is  a  matter  of  speculation  whether  the  three  years'  course  will  bring 
more  students  to  college  and  more  graduates  to  professional  schools. 

Wigmore,  J.  H. ;  Crossley,  F.  B.  A  statistical  comparison  of  college  and  high  school 
education  as  a  preparation  for  legal  scholarship.  American  Bar  Association.  Reports, 
1909,  pp.  941-965.      Discussion,  pp.  838-860. 

A  study  of  the  work  of  ten  classes  (1895-1905)  with  reference  to  their  preliminary  education.  The 
conclusions  are:  1.  For  developing  the  very  highest  powers,  a  college  education  is  essential.  Whether 
two  years  of  it  are  as  eiBcient,  relatively  or  absolutely,  as  four  years  of  it,  does  not  fully  appear.  2.  For 
developing  the  very  lowest  powers,  a  college  education  is  essential.  3.  For  developing  ordinary  and  high 
powers,  a  college  education  has,  in  some  respects,  the  chances  in  its  favor;  but,  on  the  whole,  and  for  the 
vast  majority  of  men,  it  appears  not  to  be  essentially  different  in  its  results  in  legal  scholarship. 

Wright,  J.  H.  The  three  years'  college  course.  School  Review,  1897,  pp.  696- 
709.     Pp.  699-700. 

To  keep  professional  students  from  omitting  the  college  course  entirely  we  must  either  shorten  the 
time  of  preparation  for  college,  or  the  time  of  college  or  professional  study.  We  cannot  reduce  the  time 
of  preparatory  study,  on  account  of  those  who  do  not  go  to  college  at  all,  and  we  must  not  reduce  the 
time  of  professional  training.  The  work  of  the  four  years'  course  may  be  compressed  into  three,  leav- 
ing the  fourth  year  for  work  in  the  professional  scliools.  As  the  three  years'  course  is  not  obligatory, 
those  who  can  spend  four  years  in  purely  liberal  study,  do  so. 

Zapffe,  F.  C.  Present  status  of  medical  education.  Bulletin  of  American  Academy 
of  Medicine,  1909,  pp.  358-369.     Pp.  367-368. 

Suggests  a  five  years'  course,  giving  medical  credit  for  work  in  recognized  colleges,  and  a  six  years' 
course  "consisting  of  one  year  in  science,  four  years  in  purely  medical  subjects  and  one  year  in  hospital 
work,  this  course  to  lead  to  the  degree  of  M.D.  By  also  taking  two  years'  work  in  the  college  the  stu- 
dent might  be  given  his  baccalaureate  degree." 


IN     ACADKMIC     ANU     PROKKSSION  AL    \\  OKK  98 


CONTENTS 


OmioiH  OF    Ukport    I 

Pa«t  I.     Statjimkxts  ok  thk  Univzhsities 3 

I'niversity    of    California    3 

Catholic  University  of  America  3 

I'niversity  of  Chicago   4 

Columbia    University   7 

Cornell    University   9 

Harvard   University    9 

University   of    Illinois   10 

Indiana    University 10 

The  State  University  of  Iowa    19 

Johns    Hopkins    University   14 

I'niversity  of   Kansas   14 

Leiand  Stnnfurd  Junior  University   15 

University  of  Michigan    17 

University  of  Minnesota     19 

University  of  Missouri     90 

University  of  Nebraska    99 

University  of  Pennsylvania    94 

University  of  Virginia    95 

University  of  Wisconsin    96 

Yale  University   98 

Summary  99 

PaJIT     II.        KXPRESSIOKS    OF    OpiNION 31 

Question   1 31 

I.     Opinions  favorable  to  the  combined  course 31 

II.     Opinions  opposed  to  the  combined  course 43 

III.     President   Hadley's  view SI 

Question    If .' 51 

I.     Opinions    favoring    11(a) : 59 

11.     Opinions    opposing    the   combined    course,   but    favoring    prescription    of   prcparatorj' 

professional    work    56 

III.  Opinions    favoring   the  combined   course    and    preferring   pre-professional    work    of   a 

general  character    5" 

IV.  Opinions  opposing  the  combined  course  and   preferring  collegiate  work  of  a  general 

character   60 

V.     Answers   representing  a  variety  of  opinions 69 

Qntittion    /// 66 

I.     Opinions    favoring   the   combined    course  in  the  form  of  the  second  type 66 

II.     Opinions  opposing   the  combined   course  fivoring  collegiate  courses  of  the  second  type  70 

HI.     Opinions   favoring  the  combined   course  nrt  opposed  to  courses  of  the  first  type 72 

IV.     Opinions  opposing  the  combined  course  that   regard   the  distinction  between  the  two 

types   as   immaterial 77 

I>etter  from  President  Faunce  78 

R  i^siM  f: 79 

l.IST    or    REFEBENTrS   OX    THE    C-OMBIKKD   CoURSE 81 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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